Table 3.
3D culture system of cancer cells combined with biomaterials.
| Biomaterials | Characteristics | Types of Cancer Cells Cultured with Biomaterial Scaffolds of Spherical or Other Shapes | Stromal Cells Cocultured with Cancer Cells | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spherical (a) | Other (Sponges Shapes or Nonwoven Fabrics) (b) | |||
| Chitosan | Derived from crustacean shells Linear cationic polymer Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with anionic polymers |
Breast cancer [67] Liver cancer [68] Glioblastoma [69,70,71,72] Lung cancer [73,74] Prostate cancer [75,76,77] |
MSC [73] | |
| Alginate | Derived from seaweed Water-soluble Crosslinked by ions Easy cell encapsulation Nonadhesive nature to cells Easy stiffness control Thermally stable High water-holding capacity |
Breast cancer [78,79] Liver cancer [80,81] Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [82] Leukemia [83] |
Liver cancer [68] Breast cancer [84,85] Glioblastoma [71,72] Prostate cancer [75,76] Oral squamous cell carcinoma [84] Lung cancer [84] Gastric cancer [84] |
Fibroblasts [78,85] MSC [81] |
| Collagen | A major component of ECM Low inflammation High cell adhesion Biodegradability Affinity for integrin receptor |
Breast cancer [86] | Breast cancer [85,87,88,89,90,91] Prostate cancer [92] Pancreatic cancer [93] Lung cancer [93,94,95] |
CAF [89,93] Macrophages [94,95] Fibroblasts [85,93,94,95] |
| Gelatin | Denatured material of collagen Water-soluble Crosslinked by chemical or thermal methods Biodegradability High water-holding capacity Affinity for integrin receptor |
Breast cancer [66,96,97,98,99] Lung cancer [96,100,101] Liver cancer [96] Pancreatic cancer [102] |
CAF [96,97,98,99,100,101,102] TAM [96] Fibroblasts [66,97,102] Endothelial cells [66] |
|
| Hyaluronic acid | A major component of ECM Water-soluble Affinity for CD44 receptor High water-holding capacity High molecular weight affects the biological functions. |
Glioblastoma [69,70,103] Lung cancer [73,74,104] Gastric cancer [103,104] Prostate cancer [103,105] Osteosarcoma [103] Liver cancer [103] Breast cancer [103] Glioblastoma [106] Endometrial adenocarcinoma [105] |
MSC [73] Endometrial stromal sarcoma [105] |
|
| Matrigel | Alternative material of basement membrane Derived from mouse tumors Layer used for Boyden chamber Suitable for invasion assay |
Breast cancer [79,86] | Breast cancer [107,108,109,110,111,112,113] Fibrosarcoma [109,114] Melanoma [109] |
Fibroblasts [108,113] TREG lymphocyte [111] NK cells [111] MSC [112] Endothelial cells [113] |
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Porosity morphology Biodegradability Hydrophobic property |
Ovarian cancer [115] Breast cancer [116] |
Breast cancer [117,118] Prostate cancer [118] Melanoma [118] Ovarian cancer [118] Lung cancer [118] Liver cancer [119] |
|
| Polyethylene glycol | Chemical modification Water-holding capacity |
Breast cancer [120,121,122] Lung cancer [123] Prostate cancer [122] Colon cancer [122] |
Breast cancer [91,118,124] Lung cancer [118] Melanoma [118] Ovarian cancer [118] Prostate cancer [118,125] Fibrosarcoma [126] Glioblastoma [106] |
Fibroblasts [123] Endothelial cells [123] |
(a) 3D cell constructs are readily formed; (b) cells well proliferate and migrate on the scaffold.