Table 3.
Scaffold-mediated nonviral gene delivery.
| Vectors | Genes | Scaffolds | In Vitro Target Cells |
In Vivo Models | Applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PEI complexes | PDGF | collagen | BMSCs | rat | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis) |
[107] |
| VEGF, BMP-2 |
collagen-nHA | rMSCs | rat | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis) |
[108] | |
| VEGF, PDGF |
collagen | BMSCs | rat | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis) |
[109] | |
| PDGF | collagen | hPLFs hGFs |
rat | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis) |
[111] | |
| FGF-2 BMP-2 | collagen | BMSCs | rabbit | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis) |
[112] | |
| GFP, luc |
collagen-nHA | rMSCs | - | transgene expression | [115] | |
| OSX | CMC nanogel | hMSCs | - | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[131] | |
| bPEI-HA complexes | SOX trio, RUNX2 |
OPF hydrogel | - | rat | osteochondral repair (osteo-/chondrogenesis) |
[136] |
| CaP/PEI nanoparticles | TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
collagen-nHA | hMSCs | - | osteochondral repair (osteo- /chondrogenesis) |
[121] |
| CaP nanoparticles | BMP-2 | 3D-printed alginate hydrogel | gMSCs | mouse | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[130] |
| BMP-2 | alginate hydrogels | MC3T3-E1 | mouse | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[124] | |
| nHA particles | TGF-β3, BMP-2, SOX9 |
3D-printed alginate-MC hydrogel | hMSCs | mouse | osteochondral repair (osteo-/chondrogenesis) |
[129] |
| TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
alginate hydrogels | MSCs | - | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[128] | |
| chitosan nanoparticles | VEGF, BMP-2 |
collagen-nHA | rMSCs | rat | bone repair (cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis) |
[113] |
| BMP-2, BMP-7 |
collagen-nHA | rMSCs | rat | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[114] | |
| ASO, TNF-α |
gelatin-chitosan hydrogel | RAW 264.7 | mouse | bone repair (suppression of osteoclastogenesis) |
[132] | |
| BMP-2 | chitosan hydrogel | - | rat, beagle dog |
bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[134] | |
| BMP-2 | chitosan hydrogel | hPDLCs | - | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[133] | |
| hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles | TGF-β1 | porous chitosan | chondrocytes | - | cartilage repair (chondrogenesis) |
[106] |
| PEO-b-PLL complexes | TGF-β1 | PLGA | rbMSCs | rabbit | osteochondral repair (chondrogenesis) | [93] |
| pullulan-spermine complexes | TGF-β1 | gelatin sponge | rMSCs | rat | cartilage repair (chondrogenesis) | [105] |
| TMC complexes | TGF-β1 | PLGA sponge | BMSCs | rabbit | cartilage repair (chondrogenesis) | [119] |
| superFect complexes | BMP-2 | PLGA | skull-derived osteoblasts | mouse | bone repair (osteogenesis) | [110] |
| BMP-2 | PEG hydrogel | hFOB | pig | bone repair (osteogenesis) | [137] | |
| lipofectamine complexes | TGF-β1 | PLGA/fibrin hydrogel | rMSCs | rabbit | cartilage repair (chondrogenesis) | [120] |
| FuGene6 complexes | hIGF-I | calcium alginate hydrogel | BMSCs | goat | osteochondral repair (osteo-/chondrogenesis) |
[126] |
| naked pDNA | TGF-β1, BMP-2 |
CG/HCG | rMSCs | rabbit | osteochondral repair (osteo-/chondrogenesis) |
[119] |
| BMP-2 | alginate hydrogel | hMSCs, MG-63 |
mouse | bone repair (osteogenesis) | [125] | |
| BMP-2 | alginate hydrogel | gMSCs | goat | bone repair (osteogenesis) | [127] | |
| BMP-2 | collagen and gelatin hydrogels | - | mouse | bone repair (osteogenesis) | [135] | |
| mRNA 3DfectIN® complexes | SOX9 | fibrin hydrogel |
hMSCs | - | cartilage repair (chondrogenesis) |
[122] |
| mRNA DreamFect Gold complexes | fibrin gel or MBCP granules | rMSCs | - | bone repair (osteogenesis) |
[123] |
Abbreviations: PEI: polyethylenimine; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor; BMSCs: bone marrow-derived stromal cells; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; rMSCs: rat mesenchymal stromal cells; hPLFs: human periodontal ligament fibroblasts; hGFs: human gingival fibroblasts; FGF-2: basic fibroblast growth factor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; luc: Firefly luciferase; nHA: nanohydroxyapatite; OSX: osterix; CMC: carboxymethylcellulose; hMSCs: human mesenchymal stromal cells; bPEI: branched polyethylenimine; HA: hyaluronic acid; SOX trio: sex-determining region Y-type high mobility group box 5, 6, and 9; RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2; OPF: oligo polyethylene glycol fumarate; CaP: calcium phosphate; TGF-β3: transforming growth factor beta 3; gMSCs: goat mesenchymal stromal cells; MC3T3-E1: preosteoblasts cell line; SOX9: sex-determining region Y-type high mobility group box 9; MC: methylcellulose; BMP-7: bone morphogenetic protein 7; ASO: antisense oligonucleotide; RAW 264.7: macrophage cell line; hPDLCs: human periodontal ligament cells; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1; PEO-b-PLL: poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(l-lysine); PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); rbMSCs: rabbit mesenchymal stromal cells; TMC: N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride; PEG: polyethylene glicol; hFOB: human fetal osteoblasts; hIGF-I: insulin-like growth factor I; CG: chitosan-gelatin; HCG: hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin; pDNA: plasmid DNA; mRNA: messenger RNA; MG-63: homo sapiens bone osteosarcoma cell line; MBCP: micro-macro biphasic calcium phosphate.