View full-text article in PMC Micromachines (Basel). 2020 Sep 27;11(10):896. doi: 10.3390/mi11100896 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Symbols Definitions ρv friction angle ϕ helix angle f coefficient of friction β′ flank angle FT axial thrust Tr output torque amplified by gear reducer I Tf friction torque η transmission efficiency fs friction force of lead screw-nut μ coefficient of lead screw-nut friction a distance between the central axis of lead screw and that of the body l1,l2,l3,l4 length ofOA¯,OB¯,OC,¯BM¯ α angle between OA¯ and X-coordinate axis β,γ angles of AB¯,BC¯with vertical direction θ base angle of isosceles triangle ΔABM vC,aC velocityand acceleration of joint C ω1 velocity of OA¯ rC expanding radius of joint C Δα,ΔyC virtual displacements of OA¯ and joint C fC reaction forces from tissue T output torque amplified by reducer Π T1,T2 Torques offered by the pair of annular gears Tm torque of motor η′ transmission efficiency from the D-shaft to the annular gear FC xpanding force on joint C (theoretical value) FTC expanding force on joint C (test value)