Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants of the study.
| Surgical Area | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knee (n = 76) |
Total (n = 167) |
Foot (n = 60) |
Shoulder (n = 20) |
Hip (n = 11) |
p * | ||
| Sex | Male | 47 (28.1) | 26 (34.2) | 6 (10) | 11 (55) | 4 (36.4) | |
| Female | 120 (71.9) | 50 (65.8) | 54 (90) | 9 (45) | 7 (63.6) | <0.01 | |
| Age | 55 (15.5) | 54.2 (18.2) | 53.8 (12.6) | 55.6 (13.6) | 66.3 (8.7) | 0.09 | |
| Occupation | Unemployed | 26 (15.6) | 12 (15.8) | 10 (16.7) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (27.3) | |
| Worker | 90 (53.9) | 41 (53.9) | 35 (58.3) | 12 (60.0) | 2 (18.2) | ||
| Retired | 51 (30.5) | 23 (30.3) | 15 (25.0) | 7 (35.0) | 6 (54.5) | 0.22 | |
| Civil status | Single | 32 (19.2) | 20 (26.3) | 8 (13.3) | 4 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Coupled or married | 106 (63.5) | 40 (52.6) | 44 (73.3) | 15 (75.0) | 7 (63.6) | ||
| Divorced | 6 (3.6) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Widow | 23 (13.8) | 13 (17.1) | 6 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (36.4) | 0.06 | |
| Education | Elementary or middle school | 53 (31.7) | 24 (31.6) | 12 (20.0) | 10 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | |
| High school | 80 (47.9) | 38 (50.0) | 31 (51.7) | 7 (35.0) | 4 (36.4) | ||
| University | 34 (20.4) | 14 (18.4) | 17 (28.3) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.03 | |
| Pain duration | Less than one month | 12 (7.2) | 9 (11.8) | 3 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Less than one year | 57 (34.1) | 33 (43.4) | 9 (15.0) | 12 (60.0) | 3 (27.3) | ||
| More than one year | 98 (58.7) | 34 (44.7) | 48 (80.0) | 8 (40.0) | 8 (72.7) | <0.01 | |
| CBA-H-A | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.8) | 2.1 (2.5) | 2 (2.4) | 3.9 (3.3) | 0.14 | |
| CBA-H-HF | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.1) | 0.8 | |
| CBA-H-SD | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.6 (1) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.64 | |
| CBA-H-D | 3.2 (2.7) | 3.5 (2.8) | 2.4 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.4) | 5.5 (3) | <0.01 | |
| CBA-H-WB | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.9 (1.8) | 3.1 (2) | 2.4 (1.9) | 0.07 | |
| CBA-H-PS | 2.7 (2) | 2.7 (1.9) | 2.5 (2.2) | 2 (2) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.13 | |
| PCS | 16 (10) | 15.9 (9.9) | 16.9 (10.2) | 17.6 (10.1) | 21.7 (8.8) | 0.31 | |
| TSK-H | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.6) | <0.01 | |
| TSK-A | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | <0.01 | |
| TMT-A | 39 (23.2) | 39.7 (24) | 35.7 (17) | 34.6 (18.1) | 59.6 (41.6) | 0.01 | |
| TMT-B | 90.7 (44.4) | 94 (49.1) | 88.9 (32.1) | 83 (39) | 91.5 (73.7) | 0.78 | |
| NRS | 6 (2.4) | 5.6 (2.5) | 6.2 (2.4) | 6 (2.5) | 6.8 (1.8) | 0.31 | |
| PRI-S | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.3 [0.2, 0.3] | 0.51 | |
| PRI-A | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.3 [0.3, 0.4] | 0.01 | |
| PRI-E | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.3 [0.1, 0.4] | 0.23 | |
| PRI-M | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.2 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.2 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.37 | |
| Variables assessed after surgery (n = 142) | |||||||
| NRS | 4.7 (3.1) | 4.8 (2.9) | 4.7 (3.3) | 4.7 (3) | 3.7 (3.1) | 0.79 | |
| PRI-S | 0.2 [0.1, 0.4] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.4] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.4] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.2] | 0.67 | |
| PRI-A | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.97 | |
| PRI-E | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.1] | 0.51 | |
| PRI-M | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.70 | |
| Variables assessed at follow-up (n = 104) | |||||||
| NRS | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.8) | 1.7 (2.6) | 3.5 (2.5) | 2.2 (1.5) | 0.21 | |
| PRI-S | 0.1 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.1] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.2] | 0.1 [0.1, 0.1] | 0.02 | |
| PRI-A | 0 [0.0, 0.1] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.44 | |
| PRI-E | 0.1 [0.0, 0.7] | 0.2 [0.0, 2.3] | 0 [0.0, 0.2] | 0.4 [0.1, 1.0] | 1.2 [0.7, 2.2] | 0.01 | |
| PRI-M | 0 [0.0, 0.9] | 0 [0.0, 1.2] | 0 [0.0, 0.1] | 0 [0.0, 1.2] | 0.9 [0.0, 1.1] | 0.25 | |
Note. Descriptive statistics are frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, medians [IQR] for continuous non-normal variables and means (sd) for continuous normal variables. * p values are calculated using chi-square tests in case of categorical variables, Mann–Whitney tests in case of continuous non-normal continuous variables, and t-tests in case of continuous normal variables. Abbreviations: CBA-H-A: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment–Anxiety subscale; CBA-H-HF: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment–Health-related Fears subscale; CBA-H-SD: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment —Situational Depressive reactions subscale; CBA-H-D: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment–Depressive mood subscale; CBA-H-WB: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment–psychophysical Well-Being subscale; CBA-H-PS: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment–Psychophysical Stress subscale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; TSK-H: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia–Harm subscale; TSK-A: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophonia–Avoidance of activities subscale; TMT-A: Trail Making Test–part A; TMT-B: Trail Making Test–part B; NRS: Numeric Rating Scale; PRI-S: Pain Rating Index–Sensory component; PRI-A: Pain Rating Index–Affective component; PRI-E: Pain Rating Index–Evaluative component; PRI-M: Pain Rating Index–Mixed component.