Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria: Adults, 18 years and older Confirmed clinical [13] or genetic diagnosis of HHT Epistaxis severity score (ESS, range of scores: 0–10, 10 indicates greatest severity) [14]) ≥4 Refractory to standard measures that control bleeding

Exclusion criteria: Congestive heart failure, baseline bradycardia (heart rate (HR) < 50/min), heart block, asthma or known sensitivity to propranolol). Treatment with beta-blockers for other reasons Change in epistaxis care in the month prior to enrolment Use of any antiangiogenic medication in the month prior to enrolment Use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications