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. 2020 Sep 30;12(10):628. doi: 10.3390/toxins12100628

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The major metabolic pathways of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1): (A) Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and (B) aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) by hydroxylation; (C) Aflatoxin P1 (AFP1) by demethylation; (D) AFB1–8,9-epoxide (AFBO) by epoxidation; (E) Aflatoxicol (AFL) by ketoreduction; (F) AFB1-8,9-dihydrodiol by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH); (G) AFB1-dialcohol by aflatoxin-aldehyde reductase (AFAR); and (H) AFBO-glutathione (AFBO-GSH) by conjugation with glutathione. CYP: Cytochrome P; GSTs: Glutathione S-transferases [123].