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. 2020 Sep 30;12(10):628. doi: 10.3390/toxins12100628

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The biotransformation of ochratoxin A (OTA): (A) OTα by cleavage of the peptide bond of OTA; (B) lactone-opened OTA by lactone hydrolysis; (C) OTA-quinone by oxidation; (D) 4-hydroxy-ochratoxin A (4-OH-OTA) and (E) 10-hydroxyochratoxin A (10-OH-OTA) by hydroxylation; (F) OTB by dechlorination; (G) OTA-glutathione, OTA-glucuronide and OTA-sulfate by conjugation with glutathione (GSH), glucuronic acid, and sulfate; (H) Hexose/pentose-OTA by conjugation with hexose/pentose, (I) OTA-glutathione by conjugation with glutathione. CYP450: Cytochrome P450; GSTs: Glutathione S-transferases; UGTs: Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases [129].