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. 2020 Sep 30;12(10):628. doi: 10.3390/toxins12100628

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biotransformation pathway of Alternaria mycotoxins: Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), hydroxy-alternariol (OH-AOH), hydroxy-alternariol monomethyl ether (OH-AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), altertoxins (ATXs), Tentoxin (TEN), altenuene (ALT), hydroxyl-altenuene (OH-ALT). (A): Demethylation; (B,C,H): Hydroxylation; (D,I): Methylation; (E,F): Sulfation, glycosylation, and glucuronidation; (G): Epoxide reduction. CYP: Cytochrome P; and UGTs: Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase [71,117,121,172,173,174,177,178,179,180,181].