Table 5.
CYP450 isoforms induced by mycotoxins and their phase I and II metabolites.
| Mycotoxins | Induced CYP450 | Phase I Biotransformation | Phase II Biotransformation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-2 and HT-2 | CYP3A46, 3A29 and 3A22 in pig CYP1A5, 3A37 in chicken CYP1A1 in human |
NEO, 3′-OH-T-2, 3′-OH-HT-2, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, and some C12,13-deepoxy products | T-2 glucuronides HT-2 glucuronides |
[34,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101] |
| DON | CYP2B1 and 2B2 | DOM-1 | DON-3-gluccoside, DON-, DOM- and DON -3-Glucoside-sulfonates, DON-3-, DON-7-, DON-8- and DON-15- glucuronides | [34,102] |
| ZEA | CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 3A4 and 3A5 in human CYP2C7, 2E1, 3A1 and 3A2 in rat |
α-ZEA and β-ZEA | ZEA, α-ZEA and β-ZEA-glucuronides ZEA-14-Glucoside, α-ZEA-14-Glucoside, β-ZEA-14-Glucoside, ZEA-14-Sulfate and ZEA-16-Glucoside |
[34,103,104,105,106] |
| BEA | CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C19 in human CYP3A1/2 in rat |
No metabolites detected | No metabolites detected | [107,108] |
| ENNs | CYP3A4, 2C9, 1A2 in human CYP3A and 1A in rat and dog |
M1–M12 with rat, dog and human liver microsomes M1–M5, M9–M13 in chicken |
No sulfated or glucuronidated of ENN B and B1 detected | [109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
| FB1 | CYP 1A1 and 4A1 in rat CYP1B1 in human |
HFB1 and pHFB1 | Unknown | [34,116] |
| AOH and AME | CYP1A1 | OH-AOH and OH-AME | AOH-3-glucoside, AOH-9-glucoside and AME-3-glucoside | [117,118,119,120] |
| ATXs | CYP1A1 | ATX I | No metabolites detected | [121] |
| ALT | Unknown | OH-ALT | ALT-glucuronide | [121] |
| TeA | Unknown | No metabolites detected | No metabolites detected | [121] |
| TEN | CYP3A4 | Monooxidized, mono-methylated and di-methylated metabolites | Unknown | [121] |
| AFB1 | CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 3A4 and 3A5 in human liver | AFBO, AFM1, AFL, AFQ1 and AFP1 | AFB1-glutathiones, glucuronides and sulfates | [34,122,123] |
| OTA | CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 3A4 and 3A5 in human liver | Lactone-open OTA, OTα, OTB, 4-OH-OTA and 10-OH-OTA | OTA-glutathiones, OTA-hexose/pentose, OTA-sulfates | [34,124,125,126,127,128,129] |
| PAT | CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 3A4 and 3A5 in human hepatocytes | E-ascladiol, Z-ascladiol, hydroascladiol and deosypatulinic acid | PAT-glutathiones | [34,130] |
T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), neosolaniol (NEO), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), fumonisin B1 (FB1), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxins (ATXs), tenuazonic acid (TeA), Tentoxin (TEN), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), mycophenolic acid (MPA), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), 3′-hydroxy-T-2 (3′-OH-T-2), 3′-hydroxy-HT-2 (3′-OH-HT-2), hydroxy-alternariol (OH-AOH), hydroxy-alternariol monomethyl ether (OH-AME), deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), α-zearalenone (α-ZEA), β-zearalenone (β-ZEA), hydroxy-altenuene (OH-ALT), AFB1–8,9-epoxide (AFBO), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), aflatoxicol (AFL), aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1), aflatoxin P1 (AFP1), ochratoxin α (OTα), ochratoxin B (OTB), 4-hydroxy-OTA (4-OH-OTA) and 10-hydroxy-OTA (10-OH-OTA), cytochrome P (CYP).