Table 6.
Studies investigating bioavailability of mycotoxins by Caco-2 cells.
| Mycotoxins | Concentration (µM) | Incubation Time (h) | Major Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOH and AME | 20 | 1–3 | 22.7–25.8% and 3–7.1% applied AOH and AME reached the basolateral compartment (including their metabolites). | [119] |
| ATXs | 10 | 0.5 | 6% and 0.3% applied ATX I and ATX II found in basolateral compartment. ATX I were not metabolized. 13 and 4% metabolites of ATX II found in apical and basolateral compartments. |
[201] |
| AFB1 | 1–25 | 24–48 | CYP1A2 and 3A4 were the main CYP450 isoforms for AFB1 activation into the genotoxic metabolite aflatoxin-exo-7-8-epoxyde. | [9] |
| AFB1, FB1, OTA and T-2 | 100 | 24 | AFB1, FB1, T2 and OTA disrupted the intestinal barrier permeability. | [198] |
| BEA | 1.5–3 | 4 | Bioavailability was from 50.1–54.3 for BEA | |
| DON | 5-30 | 24 | DON transcellular passage was either by passive/facilitated diffusion or by active transport. DON was a substrate for both P-gp and MRP2. |
[202] |
| ENNs | 1.5–3 | 4 48 |
Duodenal bioavailability: 57.7–76.8% for ENN A, 68.8–70.2% for ENN A1, 65.0–67.0% for ENN B, and 62.2–65.1% for ENN B1. Colonic bioavailability: 17.3–33.3% for ENN A, 40.8–50.0% for ENN A1, 47.7–55.0% for ENN B, and 52.4–57.4% for ENN B1 |
[67] |
| MPA | 0–780 | - | Decrease in the barrier function of Caco-2 cell monolayer. | [9] |
| NIV | 5 | 6 | Bioavailability: 32.6% NIV would not be metabolized in Caco-2 cells. NIV was a substrate for P-gp and MRP2. |
[203] |
| OTA | 1–100 5–45 |
1 3–24 |
OTA was a substrate for MRP2 and BCRP Metabolites were OTB, OTA methyl ester, OTA ethyl ester and the OTA glutathione conjugate. |
[204] [205] |
| ZEA | 25 | 4 | ZEA was substrates for ABCC1, ABCC2 and metabolites into α- and β-zearalenol and glucuronides. | [206] |
Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altertoxin (ATXs), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), beauverincin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatins (ENNs), mycophenolic acid (MPA), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA), cytochrome P (CYP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein (MRP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC).