Table 1.

Fruits and vegetable extracts and their phytochemicals with antiageing effects.

Common Name	Scientific Name	Study Conducted Region	Active Compounds	Biological Activities	Dose and Duration	Study Type	Experimental Models	References
Sweet orange	Citrus sinensis L.	Italy	Anthocyanins, flavanones, hydroxycinnamic acid and ascorbic acid	NF-B and AP-1 translocation and procaspase-3 cleavage	15 and 30 µg/mL for 7 h	In vitro	Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line)	[189]
Indian gooseberry	Emblica officinalis L.	Japan	Ascorbic acid, gallic Acid, elaeocarpusin	Inhibited type-I collagen collagenase, increase TIMP-1 level; Cellular proliferation inhibition and procollagen 1 protection against UVB-induced depletion by inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1	(0–40 g/mL) for 48 h	In vitro	NB1RGB human skin fibroblasts	[190]
Indian gooseberry	Emblica officinalis	India	Ascorbic acid	Promotion of procollagen content and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase levels in skin fibroblast	10–40 μg/mL for 24 h	In vitro	Fibroblast cell line (HS68 cell)	[191]
Cucumber	Cucumis sativus L.	India	Ascorbic acid	In vitro inhibition of hyaluronidase, elastase and MMP-1	20.98 and 6.14 μg/mL	In vitro assay	ND	[192]
Bitter gourd	Momordica charantia L.	China	Resveratrol	Anti-oxidative stress enhancement and UTH1, SKN7, SOD1 and SOD2 yeast gene expression regulation	1–3 μM for 12 h	In vitro	Yeast	[193]
Litchi, Rambutan, Tamarind	Litchi chinensis; Nephelium lappaceum L.; Tamarindus indica	Thailand	Ferulic acid, gallic acid, epigallocatechin	Suppression of melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells through inhibition of tyrosinase and TRP-2; effectiveness for elastase and collagenase inhibition	0.05, 0.01 and 0.007 mg/mL for 72 h	In vitro	Human skin fibroblasts	[194]
Mandarin orange	Citrus reticulata Blanco	India	D-Limonene, n-Hexadecanoic acid	Collagenase and elastase inhibition, anti-enzymatic activity	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[195]
Snake fruit	Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss	Indonesia	Chlorogenic acid	MMP-1 inhibition	NS	In silico	ND	[196]
Mandarin, Grapes	Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka, Citrus unshiu Marcov, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Citrus reticulata Blanco and Vitis vinifera L.	Republic of Korea	Narirutin, hesperidin, ascorbic acid	Increase in the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes; Reduction in skin thickness and wrinkle formation while elevating collagen level in an ultraviolet light B-exposed hairless mouse model	33, 100, 300 mg/kg for 10 weeks	In vitro and in vivo	Cell culture and mice	[197]
Carrot	Daucus carota L.	South Korea	Carrot glycoprotein	Neutralization of reactive oxygen, cell membrane protection	0.3, 0.5, 1 mg/mL	In vitro	Cell culture	[198]
Safflower Seed Oil	Carthamus tinctorius	France	Phenol	Inhibition in the collagenase assay, inhibition in the elastase assay	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[199]
Chinese quince	Chaenomeles sinensis	Japan	β-1,4-xyloglucan	Inhibition of the activity of dermal extracellular matrix proteases: Elastase and Collagenase	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[200]
Almonds	Prunus dulcis	California	α-tocopherol	Decreased wrinkle severity in postmenopausal females	340 kcal/day of almonds (58.9 g) for 16 weeks	Observational study	Human subjects	[201]
Maidenhair tree	Ginkgo biloba L.	China	kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin, ginkgolide A, bilobalide	Inhibition of ROS and MMP-1 degradation in human dermal fibroblasts	0.1, 0.2 mg/mL for 24 h	In vitro	Human dermal fibroblasts	[202]
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	India	Curcumin	Reduction in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) an anti-ageing inflammatory marker	200 mg and 400 mg of Curcumin/kg bodyweight for six months	In vivo	Rat	[203]
Asian ginseng	Panax ginseng	Korea	Gingenoside	Promotion in collagen synthesis through the activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in human skin fibroblast cells	0.05% PGLE for eight weeks	In vitro and In vivo	In vitro and human volunteer	[204]
Korean ginseng, mountain hawthorn	Panax ginseng Meyer and Crataegus pinnatifida	Republic of Korea	Ginsenoside	Protective effect against UVB-exposed photo-ageing of the skin by regulating procollagen type 1 and MMP-1 expression in NHDFs	100 μg/mL for 12 weeks	In vitro and Observational study	Human dermal fibroblasts, healthy human skin	[205]
Licorice	Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Croatia	Glabridin and isoliquiritigenin	Tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[101]
Siberian ginseng, touch-me-not	Eleutherococcus senticosus	Republic of Korea	Phlorizin	miR135b suppression improves the microenvironment and increases the proliferative potential of basal epidermal cells	NS	In vitro	Human keratinocytes	[206]
Marula	Sclerocarya birrea	South Africa	Quinic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate	Exhibited collagenase inhibition activities	100, 200 μg/mL	In vitro assay	ND	[207]
Lemon	Citrus limon	Japan	Eriocitrin (Polyphenols)	Increase in ageing-related scores (e.g., periophthalmic lesions) and delay in locomotor atrophy	4 mL and 6 mL/day/mouse	In vivo	Mice	[208]
Black rice	Zizania aqatica	China	Cyanidin -3-O-glucoside	Increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while decreases MDA and the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO)	15, 30 and 60 mg/kg	In vivo	Mice	[209]
Green tea	Camellia sinensis L.	China	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Extension of lifespan through mitohormesis	50–300 μM for six days	In vivo	Caenorhabditis elegans	[210]
Orange Pekoe black tea	Camellia sinensis L.	Sri Lanka	Epigallocatechin gallate	Inhibition of elastase activity	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[211]
Banana	Musa spaientum	Korea	Corosolic acid	Inhibitory effects on MMPs activities	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[212]
Rice	Oryza sativa	Indonesia	Vanillin and coumaric acid	Elastase inhibitory activity	NS	In vitro assay	ND	[213]

NS: not specified; ND: not defined.