Figure 4.

Effects of 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol acetate on Sf9 cell proliferation, caspase-3 activity and nuclear condensation; (A) anti-proliferative effect of ACA at various concentrations and time points. (B) Sf9 cell proliferation was observed at 72 and 144 h after treatment by 1.17 µM of ACA. Reversible arrest of cell proliferation was observed in IC₃₀R where the molecule was removed after 72 h. R stands for removal. All data were expressed as mean ± SE of three independent experiments. A t-test was performed to determine significance of the results as compared to the control group (0.25% dimethyl sulfoxyde DMSO). * denotes significant difference at p < 0.05. Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used to compare the groups of each time intervals. Different lowercase (for 72 h) or uppercase (for 144 h) letters indicate significantly different groups (p < 0.01). (C) Caspase-3 activity of Sf9 cells after 24 h treatment with ACA. Values were expressed as arbitrary units of Rhodamine-110 (Rho 110) fluorescence. (D) Nuclear morphologic changes of Sf9 cells was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining.