Table 5.
Analytical methods to detect microcystins in vegetables.
| Source | Analytical Method (Test) | Sample Preparation | Major Species | MC Variant Detected | Amount of Toxin Detected | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetables (tomato, cucumber and spinach) | HPLC-MS/MS | MSPD | - | MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LW and MC-LF | 1.5–13.0 mg/kg dw | [142] |
| Lettuce | UPLC-MS/MS | SPE | - | MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR | 0.06–0.42 ng/g f.w | [143] |
| Leaves and roots of vegetable plants | ELISA and HPLC | - | Oscillatoria limnetica | MC-LR | 0.07–1.2 µg/L f.w | [144] |
| Carrot | ELISA | - | Microcystis aeruginosa | MC-LR | 0.47–5.23 ng MC eq./g f.w | [145] |
| Leaves and fruits of Capsicum annuum | HPLC | MeOH and sonication cartridges (OASIS HLB Cartridge) | - | MC-LR and dmMC-LR | - | [146] |