Table 1.
General characteristics of 10–18-year-old children and adolescents according to the three dietary patterns 1.
| Balanced | Ready-to-Eat | Western-Style Fast-Food | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 118; 5.1%) | (n = 1992; 85.6%) | (n = 217; 9.3%) | ||
| Sociodemographics 2 | ||||
| Age | <0.001 * | |||
| 10–12 years | 30.6 (4.4) 36.5 (4.7) 32.8 (5.0) |
31.6 (1.2) 32.6 (1.4) 35.8 (1.3) |
18.4 (2.8) 30.5 (3.4) 51.1 (3.8) |
|
| 13–15 years | ||||
| 16–18 years | ||||
| Sex | <0.001 * | |||
| Boys | 51.9 (4.9) 48.9 (4.9) |
50.6 (1.3) 49.4 (1.3) |
68.6 (3.5) 31.4 (3.5) |
|
| Girls | ||||
| Household income | 0.099 | |||
| Low (Q1) | 10.0 (3.3) 32.7 (5.3) 22.6 (4.3) 34.7 (5.2) |
11.5 (2.4) 23.3 (1.3) 34.2 (1.5) 31.1 (1.6) |
11.5 (2.4) 29.4 (3.5) 34.2 (1.5) 31.1 (1.7) |
|
| Low-middle (Q2) | ||||
| Middle-high (Q3) | ||||
| High (Q4) | ||||
| Region | 0.193 | |||
| Urban | 62.8 (5.1) 37.2 (5.1) |
60.1 (1.7) 39.9 (1.7) |
53.5 (4.0) 46.5 (4.0) |
|
| Rural | ||||
| Physical activity | 0.216 | |||
| Inactive | 4.7 (0.5) 5.3 (1.2) 5.5 (1.2) |
85.8 (0.9) 83.0 (2.2) 78.2 (4.5) |
9.5 (0.8) 11.8 (1.9) 16.4 (4.2) |
|
| Active | ||||
| Health-enhancing | ||||
| Anthropometrics 3 | ||||
| BMI | 20.6 ± 0.4 (19.8–21.4) | 20.8 ± 0.1 (20.6–21.0) | 20.6 ± 0.4(20.9–22.1) | 0.06 |
| BMI adjusted | 20.4 ± 0.4 (19.7–21.2) | 20.6 ± 0.1 (20.4–20.8) | 20.8 ± 0.3 (20.3–21.4) | <0.001 †† |
| BMI < 95th %tile 2 | 86.6 (3.9) 13.4 (3.9) |
85.8 (0.8) 14.2 (0.8) |
82.3 (2.7) 17.7 (0.8) |
0.40 |
| 95th %tile ≤ BMI 2 | ||||
| HGS | ||||
| HGS | 27.6 ± 1.1 (25.4–29.7) | 26.1 ± 0.3 (25.5–26.6) | 30.1 ± 0.8 (29.1–32.1) | <0.001 † |
| HGS adjusted | 26.6 ± 0.7 (25.3–27.9) | 25.3 ± 0.2 (25.0–25.7) | 25.8 ± 0.4 (24.9–26.6) | <0.001 †† |
| HGSWR | 50.7 ± 1.3 (48.2–53.3) | 47.8 ± 0.3 (47.1–48.4) | 51.8 ± 1.0 (49.8–53.8) | <0.001 † |
| HGSWR adjusted | 50.0 ± 1.0 (47.9–52.0) a | 47.3 ± 0.3 (46.8–47.9) b | 47.7 ± 0.8 (46.2–49.2) ab | <0.001 †† |
| BP | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.0 ± 1.0 (105.9–109.7) | 108.1 ± 0.3 (107.5–108.6) | 110.8 ± 0.8 (109.3–112.3) | <0.001 † |
| SBP adjusted (mmHg) | 107.8 ± 1.0 (106.2–109.9) 66.2 ± 1.0 (64.3–68.1) |
107.9 ± 0.3 (107.4–108.5) | 109.0 ± 0.8 (107.6–110.5) | <0.001 †† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66.2 ± 0.2 (65.7–66.6) | 68.0 ± 0.7 (66.0–69.3) | <0.001 † | |
| DBP adjusted (mmHg) | 65.9 ± 0.9 (64.1–67.7) | 65.6 ± 0.2 (65.2–66.1) | 66.6 ± 0.7 (65.2–67.9) | <0.001 †† |
1 Dietary pattern were determined by cluster analysis using dietary intake (g/day) consumed; 2 Values are presented as % (SE). Data were weighted to represent children and adolescents aged 10–18 years from the 2014–2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES); 3 Values are presented as mean ± SE (95% CI); * p-values for differences using the chi-squared test for proportions and analysis of variance for means; † p-values for differences using ANCOVA and adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake (kcal); a, b, ab, †† Different superscript letters represent the results of the post hoc tests. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni. BMI: body mass index; HGS: handgrip strength; HGSWR: handgrip-strength-to-weight ratio; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.