Table 2.
Nutrients and food intake of 10–18-year-old children and adolescents according to the three dietary patterns.
| Balanced | Ready-to-Eat | Western-Style Fast-Food | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 118; 5.1%) | (n = 1992; 85.6%) | (n = 217; 9.3%) | p | |
| Nutrients | ||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2418.5 ± 83.4 a | 2054.9 ± 19.6 b | 2625.2 ± 72.6 a | <0.05 † |
| Protein (g/day) | 67.5 ± 2.4 b | 76.7 ± 0.6 a | 80.3 ± 2.8 a | <0.001 †† |
| Fat (g/day) | 45.8 ± 2.2 c | 59.7 ± 0.5 b | 64.3 ± 1.8 a | <0.05 †† |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 367.9 ± 7.4 a | 314.9 ± 1.6 b | 300.4 ± 5.5 c | <0.001 †† |
| Food groups (g/day) | ||||
| White rice | 137.8 ± 9.7 b | 165.0 ± 2.8 a | 106.5 ± 7.3 c | <0.05 †† |
| Whole grains | 35.3 ± 5.0 a | 26.7 ± 1.3 ab | 19.7 ± 3.7 b | <0.05 †† |
| Wheat/bread | 66.5 ± 12.5 b | 92.9 ± 2.8 a | 104.7 ± 8.5 a | <0.05 †† |
| Noodle | 47.5 ± 9.8 | 58.1 ± 2.4 | 41.2 ± 7.1 | |
| Potatoes | 44.8 ± 14.4 | 28.7 ± 1.6 | 30.4 ± 4.9 | |
| Sugars | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 15.4 ± 0.8 | 14.8 ± 2.1 | |
| Beans | 23.1 ± 6.0 | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 16.6 ± 3.8 | |
| Nuts | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | |
| Vegetables | 138.2 ± 20.5 a | 132.7 ± 3.5 ab | 99.1 ± 8.9 b | <0.01 †† |
| Kimchi | 56.4 ± 6.5 | 62.2 ± 2.0 | 56.8 ± 7.9 | |
| Mushrooms | 8.8 ± 3.8 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | |
| Fruits | 865.5 ± 35.5 a | 103.2 ± 3.6 b | 66.4 ± 11.2 c | <0.01 †† |
| Meat and its products | 77.9 ± 11.4 c | 134.7 ± 3.2 b | 199.2 ± 13.8 a | <0.001 †† |
| Eggs | 31.5 ± 4.9 ab | 32.4 ± 1.2 a | 20.2 ± 2.7 b | <0.001 †† |
| Fish | 33.7 ± 5.2 ab | 38.6 ± 1.9 a | 23.0 ± 5.1 b | <0.05 †† |
| Seaweed | 3.2 ± 0.9 a | 2.3 ± 0.2 a | 0.7 ± 0.2 b | <0.01 †† |
| Dairy products | 162.6 ± 18.7 a | 194.4 ± 5.6 a | 78.2 ± 10.1 b | <0.001 †† |
| Oils | 5.8 ± 0.8 b | 8.7 ± 0.2 b | 10.7 ± 1.3 a | <0.01 †† |
| Soda | 55.1 ± 16.4 b | 46.8 ± 2.7 b | 614.7 ± 17.8 a | <0.001 †† |
| SSBs | 69.8 ± 21.8 | 81.7 ± 4.5 | 78.6 ± 15.7 | |
| Processed foods | 29.9 ± 3.7 | 31.9 ± 0.8 | 32.8 ± 2.5 | |
Values are presented as mean ± SE; † p-values for differences using ANCOVA and adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake (kcal); a, b, c, ab, †† Different superscript letters represent the results of the post hoc tests. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.