. 2020 Oct 13;9(10):984. doi: 10.3390/antiox9100984

Table 4.

Solubilization yield (Ys, %), TSPC (mg ferulic acid equivalents/100 g hydrolysate [soluble fraction]), free ferulic acid (FA; mg/100 g hydrolysate [soluble fraction]), and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of WB hydrolyzed by Ultraflo XL under different conditions of temperature (°C), pH, and time (h).

T	pH	t	Ys	TSPC	FA	ORAC¹	ABTS¹	DPPH¹	FRAP²	MCP-1³	IL-6³	TNF-α³
55	3.32	14	42.9 ± 0.04 ^d	564.6 ± 37.9 ^bc	4.0 ± 0.7 ^h	13.78 ± 2.01 ^de	13.26 ± 1.08 ^cde	4.21 ± 0.72 ^defg	0.75 ± 0.11 ^fg	28.55 ± 4.1 ^c	2.74 ± 3.26 ^e	50.6 ± 1.4 ^cd
50	4	6	46.6 ± 10.2 ^bcd	514.2 ± 39.4 ^cd	77.1 ± 6.7 ^g	16.99 ± 1.93 ^bcd	14.61 ± 0.84 ^bcd	6.09 ± 1.35 ^a	0.85 ± 0.02 ^cd	20.30 ± 7.7 ^d	35.9 ± 10.4 ^b	52.8 ± 9.8 ^bcd
60	4	6	45.7 ± 8.8 ^cd	447.6 ± 42.8 ^def	6.7 ± 0.7 ^h	15.16 ± 2.01 ^bcde	13.28 ± 0.82 ^cde	4.31 ± 1.30 ^def	0.77 ± 0.01 ^ef	41.02 ± 6.0 ^b	17.1 ± 2.80 ^cd	45.3 ± 4.2 ^d
50	4	22	64.8 ± 5.6 ^abcd	703.3 ± 25.8 ^a	125.8 ± 1.5 ^f	22.67 ± 2.07 ^a	17.04 ± 0.53 ^a	5.90 ± 0.28 ^a	0.94 ± 0.02 ^a	36.13 ± 2.0 ^ef	60.1 ± 5.77 ^a	nd
60	4	22	65.4 ± 11.9 ^abcd	588.6 ± 35.3 ^b	7.1 ± 0.5 ^h	17.99 ± 1.57 ^bc	15.37 ± 2.52 ^abc	5.00 ± 0.16 ^bcd	0.87 ± 0.01 ^bc	nd	10.9 ± 0.9 ^de	nd
55	5	0.5	61.1 ± 15.0 ^abcd	498.4 ± 34.6 ^cde	88.6 ± 3.0 ^g	13.72 ± 3.41 ^de	11.26 ± 1.47 ^ef	4.18 ± 0.45 ^defg	0.74 ± 0.05 ^fg	5.29 ± 9.1 ^fg	22.7 ± 9.9 ^c	0.3 ± 0.5 ^ef
47	5	14	64.1 ± 19.4 ^abcd	562.3 ± 16.4 ^bc	287.1 ± 3.9 ^c	14.44 ± 3.36 ^cde	14.61 ± 1.42 ^bcd	5.50 ± 0.55 ^ab	0.85 ± 0.01 ^bcd	52.03 ± 6.6 ^a	20.9 ± 9.0 ^cd	63.5 ± 5.8 ^a
55	5	14	69.6 ± 10.1 ^abc	524.2 ± 52.3 ^bc	271.6 ± 10.0 ^d	15.30 ± 3.27 ^bcde	14.20 ± 1.30 ^bcd	5.29 ± 0.35 ^abc	0.85 ± 0.04 ^bcd	51.67 ± 1.3 ^a	39.1 ± 4.2 ^b	60.9 ± 2.7 ^ab
63	5	14	59.3 ± 7.0 ^abcd	528.7 ± 42.0 ^bc	141.0 ± 11.0 ^e	15.09 ± 1.34 ^bcde	11.69 ± 1.57 ^ef	4.64 ± 0.33 ^cde	0.81 ± 0.04 ^de	48.93 ± 2.3 ^a	35.3 ± 3.9 ^b	57.7 ± 2.4 ^abc
55	5	27.5	71.9 ± 7.0 ^ab	696.1 ± 40.7 ^a	284.2 ± 7.0 ^cd	18.42 ± 6.17 ^b	15.94 ± 1.69 ^ab	5.72 ± 0.14 ^ab	0.91 ± 0.04 ^ab	0.4 ± 0.0 ^g	nd	0.3 ± 0.0 ^f
50	6	6	66.6 ± 10.2 ^abcd	377.1 ± 30.0 ^gh	325.6 ± 27.4 ^a	11.79 ± 1.04 ^e	10.92 ± 0.72 ^f	3.55 ± 0.25 ^fgh	0.66 ± 0.04 ^h	29.6 ± 5.9 ^c	39.5 ± 10.9 ^b	48.7 ± 15.5 ^cd
60	6	6	68.1 ± 13.0 ^abcd	350.2 ± 18.8 ^h	305.1 ± 7.4 ^b	11.57 ± 0.64 ^e	10.94 ± 0.64 ^f	3.49 ± 0.24 ^fgh	0.66 ± 0.01 ^h	44.9 ± 5.5 ^ab	18.2 ± 4.09 ^cd	55.9 ± 1.0 ^abc
50	6	22	84.7 ± 9.9 ^a	432.1 ± 34.5 ^efg	334.4 ± 3.1 ^a	14.31 ± 2.60 ^cde	11.59 ± 0.76 ^ef	3.22 ± 0.17 ^h	0.67 ± 0.03 ^h	24.9 ± 3.9 ^cd	56.4 ± 6.1 ^a	6.5 ± 5.2 ^ef
60	6	22	83.7 ± 9.9 ^a	354.0 ± 28.9 ^h	311.5 ± 10.5 ^b	14.01 ± 3.26 ^de	10.78 ± 1.01 ^f	4.12 ± 1.08 ^efg	0.66 ± 0.02 ^h	17.4 ± 7.9 ^de	54.9 ± 4.7 ^a	10.6 ± 2.3 ^e
55	6.7	14	78.6 ± 15.9 ^a	387.2 ± 37.9 ^fgh	305.2 ± 10.7 ^b	13.48 ± 2.68 ^ed	12.63 ± 2.27 ^def	3.41 ± 0.16 ^gh	0.69 ± 0.05 ^gh	2.1 ± 4.1 ^g	1.5 ± 0.3 ^e	10.4 ± 4.2 ^e
MANOVA
T	MS		12.7	20,266 ***	29,010 ***	2.8 x 10⁷ ***	1.3 x 10⁷ ***	2.2 x 10⁶ **	0.009 **	2897.7 ***	3373.4 ***	2680.1 ***
pH	MS		1375.9 ***	164,046 ***	385,120 ***	2.2 x 10⁸ ***	7.1 x 10⁷ ***	1.6 x 10⁷ ***	0.199 ***	671.6 **	869.9	126.9
t	MS		700.1 **	58,439 ***	15,733 ***	1.1 x 10⁸ ***	1.2 x 10⁷ ***	9.6 x 10⁵ *	0.028 ***	5165.1 ***	472.9	9522.4 ***

Data are mean values ± standard deviation of three replicates. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences for mean values (one-way ANOVA, Duncan′s test, p ≤ 0.05). Significance indicators: * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, and *** p ≤ 0.001 (MANOVA). Abbreviations: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH); ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); ferulic acid (FA); interleukin 6 (IL-6); mean of squares (MS); monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1); multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA); not detected (nd); oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC); temperature (T); time (t); total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC); tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). ¹ Expressed as milligram Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g of soluble fraction; ² expressed as millimole Fe²⁺/ 100 g of soluble fraction; ³ expressed as percentage inhibition.