Figure 3.

Pepper leaves (PL) extracts suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. (A) RAW 264.7 cells were treated with luteolin (LUT) 10 µM and various concentrations of PL extracts (100 and 500 µg/mL). Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) was added to the culture medium at a final concentration of 50 µM. DCF fluorescence was imaged under a fluorescence microscope (100× magnification). (B) ROS inhibition rate, compared to control (+), was quantified by measuring the DCF fluorescence intensity. Statistical significance is based on the difference compared with CON (+) (*** p < 0.001).