Table 4.
FO concentration studies on food derived products and by-products.
| Application | Membrane Type | Draw Solution | Initial Jw (L·m−2·h−1) |
Initial Conc. | CF | Final Conc. | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyphenols from carob pulp | CTA FO | K-lactate 60° Brix | 13 | 1.13 g·L−1 TPC and 4.5° | 16.2 (TPC) | 18.4 g·L−1 TPC and 24.5° | [73] |
| Proteins/tuna cooking juice | CTA FO | 0.5–2 M NaCl | 5 | 5.5% | 1.6 | 9.0% | [74] |
| Biophenols/olive mill WW | CTA FO | 3 M MgCl2 | 6.5 | >2 concentration on analysed phenolic | [75] | ||
| Polyphenols and melanoidins/Molassess distillery WW | TFC FO | 4 M MgCl2 | 4 | 80 g·L−1 Mel, 10 g·L−1 Polyphenols | >2 concentration with 97% rejection of Melanoidins, 90% on antioxidant | [76] | |
| Polyphenols and melanoidins/Molassess distillery WW | CTA & TFC | 3 M MgCl2 | 4–6 | 80 g·L−1 Mel, 69 mM antioxydant | up to 4 | 141–267g·L−1 Mel, 102–213 mM antioxydant | [84] |
| Xylose | TFC FO | 1–3 M MgCl2/LaCl3 | 25 | 25 g·L−1 | 6 | 150 g·L−1 | [77] |
| Sugar cane juice/Sucrose | TFC FO | sea bittern (MgCl2) | 13 | 10.50% | 3.9 | 40.60% | [78] |
| Rice straw/Sugar | TFC FO | MgSO4 (saturated) | 20 g·L−1 | 3.6 | 72 g·L−1 | [79] | |
| Pretreated-rice straw/Sugars | TFC FO | 3.6 M TEA | 4 | 199 mM | 8.1 | 1612 mM | [80] |
| Fermentation broth/Succinic acid | TFC FO | 5 M NaCl | 16 | 40 g·L−1 | 4.5 | 180 g·L−1 | [81] |
| Fermentation broth/Lactic acid | TFC FO | 5 M NaCl | 13 | 15 g·L−1 | 3.8 | 57 g·L−1 | [81] |
| Fermentation broth/Ethanol | TFC FO | 5 M NaCl | 22 | 20 g·L−1 | 5.5 | 110 g·L−1 | [81] |