Table 2.

Findings from the intervention studies.

Author, Publication Year	Assessment at Follow-Up	Summary of Main Results
Shared Risk Factors for Obesity and Eating Disorders Studies
Simpson et al. 2019 [52]	Eating disorders symptoms/Body shape satisfaction. Emotion regulation. Positive/negative affect. Weight status. Diet intake. Physical activity.	↓eating pathology, eating satisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, restrained eating, negative affect, emotion dysregulation. ↓ fat intake. No significant increase in BMI. Acceptable and feasible.
Leme et al. 2019 [5]	Body and shape satisfaction. Weight-control behaviors. Weight stigma. Social cognitive aspects of diet and PA. Diet intake. Physical activity. Weight status.	No significant decrease in BMI. Increase in waist circumference. Week and weekends decrease time on screens. Weekends increase vegetables intake. Social support and strategies were improved. Unhealthy weight was increased (favoring intervention group).
Castillo et al. 2019 [43]	Body and weight image. Risk factors for eating disorders. Emotion regulation. Sex-specific image concerns. Physical Activity. Weight status.	Male students did not present any significant effect. Girls improved significant for thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating attitudes.
Dunker and Claudino 2018 [29]	Body image. Emotional regulations. Weight status.	No significant results for any eating disorders risk factors. Participants’ low adherence in the program.
Shomaker et al. 2017 [58]	Weight status and body fat. Risk factors for eating disorders. Emotional regulation. Positive/negative affect.	Intervention was feasible and acceptable. Benefits to social interactions and eating. Family-based interpersonal therapy improved depression and anxiety, and loss of control compared to health education (control). Family-based interpersonal therapy reduced disordered eating attitudes. No significant differences in BMI
Sanchez-Carracedo et al. 2016 [31]	Risk for eating disorders. Body image concern. Emotional regulations. Weight status and body fat. Diet intake. Physical activity.	Media Smart and HELPP were less concerned about their shape and weight compared to control girls. Media Smart and control had less eating concerns and pressure than HELPP girls. Media Smart and HELPP benefitted from media internalization compared to control boys. Media Smart had more physical activity than HELPP and control participants. Media Smart had less time spent on screens than control participants.
Wilksch et al. 2015 [28]	Weight status Risk for eating disorders. Body image concern. Emotional regulations. Weight status and body fat. Diet intake. Physical activity.	Intervention group reduced body dissatisfaction and eating disorders symptoms. No effects for BMI, depressive symptoms, dieting, energy intake, and physical activity.
Stice et al. 2013 [54]	Risk factors for eating disorders. Body image concern. Emotion regulation.	Intervention decreased body image concerns compared to control girls (but not sustained over a 3-month follow-up). Among boys there were no significant differences between intervention and control groups.
Franko et al. 2013 [55]	Weight status. Risk factors for eating disorders. Body image concern.	Prevention presented lower risk factors for eating disorders and body image concern than the control group.
Gonzalez et al. 2011 [33]	Weight status and body fat %. Physical activity. Diet intake. Body image concern. Weight control behaviors. Social cognitive aspects of health.	No significant differences in BMI. Improvement in screen-time, diet intake, weight-control behaviors, and body image. Friends, teachers and family support for diet and physical activity behaviors.
Neumark-Sztainer et al. 2010 [51]	Weight status. Cardiovascular markers. Physical fitness. Knowledge on behavior and attitudes towards health behaviors. Emotional regulation. Body image concern. Risk for eating disorders.	BMI and weight decreased. Improvement in health knowledge: body image, eating disorders risk factors, physical activity and diet. Increase in systolic blood pressure.
Stock et al. 2007 [42]	Weight control behaviors. Diet intake. Physical activity. Weight status and body fat %.	Girls reported less weight-control behaviors after intervention. No significant differences for boys.
Austin et al. 2007 [56]	Weight control behaviors. Diet intake. Physical activity. Weight status and body fat %.	Girls reported less purging and using diet pills to control weight from both intervention and control groups.
Austin et al. 2005 [57]	Eating disorders symptoms/Body shape satisfaction. Emotion regulation. Positive/negative affect. Weight status. Diet intake. Physical activity.	↓eating pathology, eating satisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, restrained eating, negative affect, emotion dysregulation. ↓ fat intake. No significant increase in BMI. Acceptable and feasible.
Energy-Balance Programs
Sgambato et al. 2019 [30]	Diet intake. Physical Activity. Health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Weight status and body fat %.	Weight status increased in the intervention group. Small decrease in body fat %. No significant differences on daily frequency intake of foods. Physical activity increased in the intervention group. 30% of the sample was analyzed using a 24 h Recall and significantly decrease fruit juice in the intervention group.
Aperman-Itzhak et al. 2018 [44]	Weight status, waist circumference, and body fat %. Blood pressure. Physical fitness. Health behaviors: physical activity, sleep, and diet intake. Nutrition knowledge. Body image. Emotion regulations. Parents’ obesity social-determinants aspects.	Overweight and obesity decreased only in the intervention group. Religious children have increased risk for being overweight. Knowledge improved in the intervention and control groups.
Yang et al. 2017 [39]	Weight status, body fat %. Blood pressure. Physical fitness.	No significant difference in overweight incidence between the intervention and control groups. Intervention decreased BMI, height, body fat %, and increased muscular fitness compared to the control group. Blood pressure was significantly reduced, mainly in those with higher BMI, boys, and older children. Physical fitness was improved. Normal weight boys and younger individuals showed better weight-related outcomes.
Rerksuppaphol and Rerksuppaphol 2017 [40]	Weight status.	Control showed an increased in overweight and BMI compared to the intervention group.
Malakellis et al. 2017 [24]	Weight status. Health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Environment perceptions (home, school, and neighborhood). Emotional regulations.	Two of three intervention schools decreased the prevalence of overweight.
Ardic and Erdocan 2017 [34]	Weight status. Physical activity (daily steps). Diet and water intake. Nutrition and physical activity knowledge. Emotional regulations.	Intervention group improve diet, physical activity, and stress management. Increased number of daily steps/weeks, fruit and vegetables, and water intake. Knowledge about nutrition and physical activity was improved. Anxiety levels and BMI were reduced, but effects were not significant.
Lubans et al. 2016 [25]	Weight status and waist circumference. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Sugar-sweetened beverages intake. Muscular fitness and resistance training skills. School sports motivation regulation.	No significant effect for BMI, waist circumference, and body fat %. No significant effect for physical activity. Screen-time, sugar-sweetened beverages, muscular fitness, and resistance training were improved.
Lazorick et al. 2015 [45]	Weight status. Physical fitness. Diet intake. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Sleep behaviors.	MATCH significant decreased BMI compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis showed decreased among overweight and obese participants. Lifestyle behaviors were not significant.
Fulkerson et al. 2015 [47]	Weight status. Pubertal development scale. Family dinner frequency.	No significant difference in BMI; but promising reduction in excess weight gain. Subgroup analysis showed that pre-pubescent children showed lower BMI in the intervention group.
Gonzalez-Jimenez et al. 2014 [32]	Weight status, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Pubertal category scores	Weight status was improved. Significant results for diet intake. No significant results for physical activity.
Nollen et al. 2014 [46]	Home availability of fruit and vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, and screen devices. Diet intake. Screen-time behaviors.	Mobile technology used the program about 63% of days compared to the control girls. Non-significant increase in fruit and vegetables and decrease in sugar-sweetened beverage intake. No significant differences for BMI and screen-time use.
Dewar et al. 2013 [26]	Weight status and body fat %. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Diet intake.	Non-significant effect on the decrease for BMI and body fat % between the intervention and control groups. Screen-time was significantly reduced. No significant effect for physical activity, diet intake, and self-esteem.
Bonsergent et al. 2013 [35]	Weight status. Emotional regulations. Risk factors for eating disorders.	Screening improved the BMI and decreased the overweight incidence compared to the non-screening strategy. Education and environment strategies were less effective.
Lubans et al. 2011 [27]	Weight status, body fat %, and waist circumference. Physical fitness. Physical activity. Fruit and vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, and water intake.	Significant effect in BMI and body fat %. No significant effect for waist circumference, muscular fitness, and physical activity. Adolescents reported less intake on sugar-sweetened beverages after intervention.
Jansen et al. 2011 [36]	Weight status and waist circumference. Physical fitness.	Overweight increased at both the intervention and control groups. No significant effects for BMI.
Fotu et al. 2011 [41]	Weight status and body fat %. Diet intake. Physical activity.	Increased in overweight prevalence. Intervention group decrease body fat %. Diet and physical activity were not improved.
Chen et al. 2011 [49]	Weight status and waist-to-hip ratio. Blood pressure. Diet and physical activity knowledge and self-efficacy. Diet intake. Physical activity.	Waist-to-hip ratio and diastolic blood pressure were decreased. Fruit and vegetables intake, and physical activity were improved. Nutrition and physical activity knowledge improved.
Grydeland et al. 2014 [38]	Weight status, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip circumference.	Effects on BMI only for girls. Beneficial effect for BMI in participants with high educated parents. Negative effects for waist-to-hip ratio in participants with low educated parents. No significant for waist circumference and weight status.
Simon et al. 2008 [37]	Weight status. Physical activity. Plasma lipids.	Intervention lower increased in BMI than control groups. Intervention better effect on non-overweight students. Non-significant differences in overweight students. Intervention improved supervised PA, screen-time, and HDL-c.
Shaw-Peri et al. 2007 [51]	Weight status and % body fat. Plasma glucose.	Fitness laps, fasting glucose, and % body fat improved by the end of the study.