Table 1.
Overview of experimental data listing the effects of TSPO modification on different glioma cell lines.
| Treatment, Ligand | Cell Line | Effect on GBM | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSPO KO | Mouse GL261 cells Human GBM1B cells |
↑ glioma growth and angiogenesis in vivo, ↑ fragmented mitochondria, glucose uptake, lactic acid conversion, ↑ ROS, ↑ glycolysis, ↓ oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production |
2020 | [104] |
| PK11195 (25 µM) | Human U118MG cells | Changes in expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors, functional changes related to cell cycle, cell death, proliferation, migration, cell viability, inflammatory, immune response, and tumorigenesis | 2017 | [127] |
| PK11195 (25 µM), TSPO KD | Human U118MG cells | Changes in gene expression related to cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response, DNA repair, adhesion | 2014 | [124] |
| Ammonium chloride + PK11196, Ro5 4864, FGN-1-27 (1 nM–100 µM) | Human U118MG cells | ↓ cell death at nanomolar concentration, ↑ mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death at micromolar concentration |
2014 | [142] |
| Quinazoline derivate compound 19 (10 nM–100 µM) | Human U343 cells | ↓ proliferation, dose-dependent, ↑ dissipation of ΔΨm |
2014 | [138] |
| irDE-MPIGA (1.25 × 10−3 nmol/L + 106 cells), PIGA (2.5 µM) irDE-MPIGA + TSPO KD |
Human U87MG cells | ↓ cell viability without cell cycle arrest, ↑ ΔΨm dissipation, No effect on ATPase activity No reduction of cell viability |
2014 | [205] |
| PK11195 (25 µM), TSPO KD | Human U118MG cells | ↑ tumor growth, ↑ angiogenesis, ↑ migration, ↓ adhesion of ECM |
2012 | [103] |
| Sodium nitroprusside + PK11195 (25 µM), TSPO KD | Human U118MG cells | ↓ cell death and collapse of ΔΨm, restoration of metabolic activity | 2012 | [151] |
| TSPO KD Glutamate + TSPO KD |
Human U118MG cells, Rat C6 cells |
Changes in glutamate metabolism ↓ DNA fragmentation |
2012 | [135] |
| PPIX (1–30 µM) + light + TSPO KD GSH + PPIX |
Human U118MG cells | ↑ cell death, ↑ PPIX accumulation in cell and mitochondria ↑ PPIX accumulation in mitochondria |
2012 | [26] |
| Oxazolacetamide compound 6d (30 times of Ki value) | Human U87MG cells | ↑ cell proliferation/viability, ↑ dissipation of ΔΨm, |
2011 | [105] |
| CoCl2 + PK11195 (25 µM), TSPO KD | Human U118MG cells | ↓ cell death, ↓ ΔΨm collapse, ↓ ROS generation, ↓ cardiolipin oxidation | 2009 | [21] |
| ErPC3 + PK 11195, Ro5 4864 (25 µM–100 µM) | Human U87MG cells Human A172 cells Human U118MG cells |
↓ ErPC3 induced apoptosis, ↓ cytochrome c release, processing of caspase 9 and 3 | 2008 | [22] |
| TSPO overexpression PK11195 (1–100 µM) + TSPO overexpression |
Rat C6 cells | ↑ proliferation, ↑ migration and transmigrative capabilities, ↑ anti-proliferative effect |
2007 | [100] |
| Ro5 4864 (10 nM) | Rat C6 cells, human T89G cells | ↓ cell death | 2004 | [19] |
| PK11195, Ro5 4864 (10 nM) | Rat C6 cells, human T98G cells | ↑ mitochondrial replication, shift of mitochondria from peripheral cytoplasm to the perinuclear region | 1991 | [206] |
Abbreviations: ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential; ECM, extracellular matrix; ErPC3, erucyl-phospho-homocholine; CoCl2, cobalt chloride; GSH, glutathione; KD, knockdown; KO, knockout; PPIX, protoporphyrin IX; ROS, reactive oxygen species.