Table 1.
Electrophysiological and neurocellular effects of CTXs.
| CTX Effect | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Nav-mediated depolarization ± spontaneous firing | Mouse differentiated neuroblastoma N1E 115 cells | [102] |
| Frog myelinated nerve fibers | [103,104] | |
| Guinea pig atrial heart muscle cells | [105] | |
| Frog motor nerve terminals of NMJs | [106] | |
| Guinea pig sympathetic ganglia | [107] | |
| Rat parasympathetic neurons | [108,109] | |
| Rat skeletal myotubes | [110] | |
| Rat and mouse DRG neurons/afferents | [111,112,113] | |
| Mouse cortical neurons | [114] | |
| Swelling | Ranvier nodes of frog myelinated nerve fibers | [104,115,116,117] |
| Rat DRG neurons | [118] | |
| Frog motor nerve terminals | [115,119,120] | |
| Human adaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm | [59] | |
| Human intra-epidermal and sural nerve fibers | [70,121] | |
| Human corpus callosum | [122,123] | |
| Mice myenteric plexus nerves | [124,125] | |
| Mouse and frog erythrocytes | [124,126,127] | |
| Endothelial lining cells of heart capillaries | [128] | |
| Neuromediator release | ACh release from (parasympathetic innervation of): | |
| Cat cardiovascular system | [129] | |
| Guinea pig and mouse small intestine, taenia caeci and ileum | [125,130,131,132] | |
| Frog atrial muscle | [133] | |
| Frog motor nerve terminals of skeletal NMJs | [106,120] | |
| Torpedo cholinergic synaptosomes | [134] | |
| NAd release from sympathetic innervation of: | ||
| Guinea pig and human atria | [105,132,135,136,137] | |
| Guinea pig vas deferens | [130,131,138] | |
| Smooth muscle of rat tail artery | [139,140] | |
| Catecholamines from bovine chromaffin cells | [141,142] | |
| Dopamine and GABA from rat brain synaptosomes | [102] | |
| GABA from mouse cortical neurons | [143] | |
| CGRP and/or SP from mouse and rat sensory neurons/afferents | [72,144,145,146] | |
| [Ca2+]i increase | Influx through NCX in Torpedo cholinergic synaptosomes | [134,147] |
| Mobilization from internal stores: | ||
| Neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells | [106,148] | |
| Rat skeletal myotubes | [110] | |
| Bovine chromaffin cells | [141] | |
| Influx through TRPA1 in DRG neurons | [111] | |
| Influx through Cav in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells | [72] | |
| Modulation of gene expression | Upregulation of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [149,150] |
| Gene expression modulation in mouse cortical neurons | [114,151] | |
| Expression modulation of genes involved in immune responses and detoxification in the blood, liver and brain | [152,153,154] |