Table 2.
Demographic characteristics, clinical periodontal parameters, salivary biomarkers, and planktonic bacteria of each group (mean ± standard deviation).
| Healthy Controls (HC) | Periodontitis (PD) | Significance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS-I | PS-II | PS-III | PS-IV | |||
| (n = 28) | (n = 28) | (n = 28) | (n = 28) | (n = 28) | ||
| Age | 30.04 ± 8.79 | 35.00 ± 15.10 | 49.21 ± 16.92 | 58.17 ± 14.40 | 61.41 ± 11.35 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 4 (14.3%) | 3 (12.5%) | 11 (45.8%) | 9 (39.1%) | 10 (45.5%) | 0.010 |
| Female | 24 (85.7%) | 21 (87.5%) | 13 (54.2%) | 14 (60.9%) | 12 (54.5%) | |
| Hypertension | 0 | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (17.4%) | 6 (27.3%) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (8.7%) | 4 (18.2%) | 0.023 |
| Osteoporosis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.769 |
| Hepatitis | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.769 |
| Smoking | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 4 (17.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | 0.032 |
| # of teeth | 27.68 ± 1.467 | 27.44 ± 1.227 | 27.46 ± 1.560 | 27.56 ± 1.635 | 26.59 ± 1.681 | 0.12 |
| BOP, % | 30 ± 18 | 37 ± 19 | 28 ± 20 | 35 ± 23 | 32 ± 24 | 0.595 |
| Mean GI | 0.58 ± 0.57 | 0.66 ± 0.45 | 0.50 ± 0.39 | 0.66 ± 0.69 | 0.75 ± 0.55 | 0.592 |
| Mean PI | 0.48 ± 0.41 | 0.51 ± 0.45 | 0.42 ± 0.45 | 0.73 ± 0.58 | 0.61 ± 0.51 | 0.184 |
| Mean PPD | 2.36 ± 0.26 | 2.54 ± 0.30 | 2.54 ± 0.33 | 2.70 ± 0.56 | 2.83 ± 0.62 | 0.003 |
| Mean GR | 0.11 ± 0.33 | 0.053 ± 0.056 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | 0.26 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| Mean CAL | 0.24 ± 0.58 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 0.27 ± 0.29 | 0.57 ± 0.59 | 1.25 ± 1.43 | <0.001 |
| Mean ABL | 0.077 ± 0.32 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 0.50 ± 0.27 | 1.18 ± 0.71 | 2.34 ± 2.07 | <0.001 |
| # of FI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.36 ± 0.78 | 0.73 ± 1.32 | <0.001 |
| TM0 | 27.25 ± 2.45 | 27.20 ± 1.35 | 27.29 ± 1.33 | 26.36 ± 1.98 | 24.09 ± 3.31 | <0.001 |
| TM1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.80 ± 1.38 | 1.64 ± 2.08 | <0.001 |
| TM2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.27 ± 0.63 | 0.001 |
| TM3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.20 | 0.23 ± 0.61 | 0.022 |
| Sal. Ez. | ||||||
| Active MMP-8 (ng/mL) |
119.10 ± 93.73 | 172.82 ± 166.54 | 190.57 ± 125.68 | 281.87 ± 206.93 | 288.35 ± 145.54 | <0.001 |
| Pro-MMP-8 (ng/mL) |
115.90 ± 90.62 | 127.38 ± 82.44 | 155.02 ± 93.70 | 217.72 ± 104.60 | 256.90 ± 139.43 | <0.001 |
| Total MMP-8 (ng/mL) |
235.01 ± 178.71 | 300.21 ± 233.94 | 345.59 ± 209.98 | 499.57 ± 286.48 | 545.24 ± 270.87 | <0.001 |
| CRP (ng/mL) | 0.93 ± 3.01 | 0.82 ± 1.68 | 0.47 ± 1.18 | 0.70 ± 1.10 | 0.37 ± 0.80 | 0.564 |
| sIgA (μg/mL) | 225.16 ± 135.68 | 221.45 ± 133.02 | 221.25 ± 115.93 | 321.20 ± 163.72 | 336.21 ± 184.33 | 0.012 |
Abbreviations: PS-I: Stage I periodontitis; PS-II: Stage II periodontitis; PS-III: Stage III periodontitis; PS-IV: Stage IV periodontitis; BOP: bleeding on probing; GI: gingival inflammation; PI: plaque index; PPD: probing pocket depth; GR: gingival recession; CAL: clinical attachment loss; ABL: alveolar bone loss; FI: furcation-involved tooth; TM0: immobile tooth with 0°; TM1: mobile tooth with 1°; TM2: mobile tooth with 2°; TM3: mobile tooth with 3°; Sal. Ez.: salivary enzyme; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; sIgA: secretory IgA.