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. 2020 Oct 14;9(10):697. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9100697

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Temperature-, dose-, and time-response relationships between Lindera obtusiloba leaf extract (LOLE) exposure and murine norovirus (MNV-1) inactivation in RAW 264.7 cells. MNV-1 virus particles were pretreated with LOLE solutions of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 mg/mL for 1 h at 25 °C before infecting RAW 264.7 cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a control and virus titer was measured by plaque assay. (A,B) Effect of LOLE on plaque formation (%) at various concentrations. (C) MNV-1 virus particles were pretreated for 0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min with LOLE (12 mg/mL) at 25 °C. (D,F) For temperature-dependent experiments, MNV-1 virus particles were pretreated with LOLE solutions of 4, 8, and 12 mg/mL for 1 h at 4 °C and 37 °C. For the time- and temperature-dependent experiments, virus particles were pretreated for 0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min with LOLE (12 mg/mL) at 4 °C and 37 °C (E,G). The mean diameter of the plaques was 1 mm, and visible plaques were counted 72 h after infection (triplicate determinations). The white bars represent the control groups, whereas the gray bars represent the intervention groups. Results are expressed as the percentage of neutralized virus compared to control (mean ± SEM; n = 3). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to control.