Table 2.
Comparison of macronutrients, IgA, and TAC in human milk by breastfeeding duration
| Breastfeeding Duration |
1–6 months (n = 43) a | 6–12 months (n = 47) b | 12–18 months (n = 50) c | 18–24 months (n = 44) d | Mean rank or Mean diff. (SE) |
p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Median, P25th–75th |
Mean ± SD | Median, P25th–75th |
Mean ± SD | Median, P25th–75th |
Mean ± SD | Median, P25th–75th |
|||
| Protein (g/dL) | 2.56 ± 0.62 |
2.53, 2.21–2.92 |
2.39 ± 0.52 |
2.23, 2.05–2.69 |
2.40 ± 0.75 |
2.36, 1.87–2.61 |
2.84 ± 0.90 |
2.66, 2.29–3.13 |
50.49, 40.94 ab 52.22, 42.51 ac 40.23, 47.68 ad 50.09, 47.98 bc 37.34, 55.25 bd 38.87, 57.31 cd |
< 0.001 1 0.08 2 0.08 2 0.17 2 0.71 2 0.001 2 < 0.0012 |
| Fat (g/dL) | 3.67 ± 1.30 |
3.79, 2.92–4.33 |
3.96 ± 1.36 |
3.53, 3.17–4.83 |
3.90 ± 1.32 |
3.85, 3.17–4.68 |
4.64 ± 1.61 |
4.61, 3.8–5.13 |
41.26, 49.38 ab 42.78, 50.63 ac 34.69, 53.10 ad 49.20, 48.81 bc 40.88, 51.47 bd 41.67, 54.13 cd |
< 0.0011 0.14 2 0.16 2 < 0.001 2 0.94 2 0.06 2 0.03 2 |
| Energy (kcal/dL) | 84.86 ± 12.93 |
86.09, 77.42–91.55 |
87.77 ± 13.61 |
83.54, 79.94–96.55 |
87.91 ± 13.23 |
86.70, 79.94–95.01 |
94.64 ± 16.13 |
94.28, 86.24–99.48 |
41.26, 49.38 ab 42.77, 50.64 ac 34.67, 53.11 ad 49.20, 48.81 bc 40.88, 51.47 bd 41.67, 54.13 cd |
< 0.0011 0.14 2 0.16 2 0.001 2 0.94 2 0.06 2 0.03 2 |
| Carbohydrate (g/dL) | 9.62 ± 1.04 |
9.43, 8.97–10.12 |
9.34 ± 0.59 |
9.27, 8.97–9.71 |
9.31 ± 0.84 |
9.35, 8.95–9.74 |
9.39 ± 0.81 |
9.41, 8.96–9.73 |
48.90, 42.39 ab 49.73, 44.65 ac 46.53, 41.52 ad 48.12, 49.83 bc 44.83, 47.25 bd 47.48, 47.52 cd |
0.65 1 0.24 2 0.36 2 0.35 2 0.76 2 0.66 2 0.99 2 |
| IgA (mg/dL) | 110.82 ± 14.06 |
111.48, 103–117.63 |
129.59 ± 16.67 |
130.33, 115.03–140.5 |
124.29 ± 10.80 |
125.07, 116.35–131.37 |
127.16 ± 14.59 |
126.06, 115.73–139.57 |
− 18.77 (3.18) ab − 13.47 (3.14) ac − 16.34 (3.23) ad 5.31 (3.06) bc 2.43 (3.16) bd − 2.87 (3.12) cd |
< 0.0013 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.0014 0.08 4 0.44 4 0.36 4 |
| TAC | 1.61 ± 0.94 |
1.62, 1.2–2.04 |
1.61 ± 0.67 |
1.64, 1.89–2.05 |
1.84 ± 0.85 |
1.84, 1.38–2.38 |
1.60 ± 0.97 |
1.27, 0.69–2.09 |
0.03 (0.18) ab − 0.23 (0.18) ac 0.21 (0.18) ad − 0.23 (0.18) bc 0.18 (0.18) bd 0.44 (0.18) cd |
0.09 3 0.85 4 0.19 4 0.25 4 0.19 4 0.33 4 0.01 4 |
1 Kruskal-Wallis test, 2 Mann-Whitney U test, 3 one-way ANOVA post hoc test, and 4 independent-sample T test were used for statistical calculations
Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) unit is mM, Trolox equivalent; SD standard deviation; P percentile; Mean diff. mean difference; SE standard error
aHM of the mother who lactation duration between 1-6 months
bHM of the mother who lactation duration between 6-12 months
cHM of the mother who lactation duration between 12-18 months
dHM of the mother who lactation duration between 18-24 months