Table 3.
Baseline, post-intervention (9-week), and follow-up (15-week) self-reported outcomes observed for the Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen intervention group and the printed materials control
| Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen Intervention | Printed Materials Control | Adjusted Difference (95% CI) between Intervention and Control Groups b | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Baseline (n = 24) |
Post-Intervention (n = 23) |
15-Week Follow-Up (n = 15) |
Baseline (n = 25) |
Post-Intervention (n = 24) |
15-Week Follow-Up (n = 15) |
Post-Intervention | 15-Week Follow-Up |
| Primary Outcomes | ||||||||
| Knowledge about a Plant-Based Diet |
0.36 * (0.06, 0.67) |
0.54 * (0.11, 0.98) |
||||||
| Mean | 3.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.9 | ||
| SD | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.8 c,* | +0.6 d,* | +0.4 e | +0.2 f | ||||
| Confidence Preparing a Variety of Plant Foods | 0.36 (−0.02, 0.74) |
0.83 * (0.23, 1.42) |
||||||
| Mean | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | ||
| SD | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.6 * | +0.7 * | +0.1 | 0 | ||||
| Skills to Practice a Plant-Based Diet | 0.28 (−0.09, 0.64) |
0.65 * (0.16, 1.14) |
||||||
| Mean | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 | ||
| SD | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0. | 0.7 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.6 * | +0.4 * | +0.1 | −0.1 | ||||
| Perceived Barriers | ||||||||
| Perceived Barriers to Eating More Fruits and Vegetables |
−0.37 * (−0.64, −0.10) |
NA | ||||||
| Mean | 2.6 | 2.4 | -- | 2.4 | 2.5 | -- | ||
| SD | 0.6 | 0.7 | -- | 0.8 | 0.8 | -- | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | −0.2 * | -- | +0.1 | -- | ||||
| Perceived Barriers to Eating More Whole Grains | −0.24 (−0.56, 0.07) |
NA | ||||||
| Mean | 2.6 | 2.3 | -- | 2.6 | 2.5 | -- | ||
| SD | 0.5 | 0.7 | -- | 0.6 | 0.7 | -- | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | −0.3 * | -- | −0.1 | -- | ||||
| Dietary Intake | ||||||||
| Total Fruit and Vegetable, cup equivalents per day g | 0.17 (−0.13, 0.47) |
−0.19 (−0.55, 0.17) |
||||||
| Mean | 2.78 | 2.99 | 2.86 | 2.64 | 2.70 | 2.76 | ||
| SD | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.88 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.21 | +0.08 | +0.06 | +0.12 | ||||
| Whole Grains Total, ounce equivalents per day h | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.30) |
0.01 (−0.24, 0.27) |
||||||
| Mean | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.89 | ||
| SD | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.43 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.12 | +0.11 | +0.04 | +0.11 | ||||
| Processed Meat, times per day |
−0.08 * (−0.15, −0.02) |
−0.09 * (−0.18, −0.01) |
||||||
| Mean | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||
| SD | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.17 | ||
| Range | −0.10 * | −0.10 * | +0.02 | +0.03 | ||||
| Quality of Life | ||||||||
| General Quality of Life, FACT-G7 Score | 0.63 (−1.45, 2.71) |
−0.09 (−3.54, 3.36) |
||||||
| Mean | 17.1 | 18.1 | 17.1 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 18.4 | ||
| SD | 5.1 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 4.2 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +1.0 | 0 | +0.2 | +0.6 | ||||
| Psychological Distress, PHQ-4 | -0.83 (−2.13, 0.46) |
−0.66 (−2.92, 1.60) |
||||||
| Mean | 3.25 | 2.87 | 3.53 | 2.67 | 3.17 | 2.73 | ||
| SD | 2.83 | 2.82 | 3.40 | 2.41 | 3.51 | 3.06 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | −0.38 | +0.28 | +0.50 | +0.06 | ||||
| Fatigue, range 0–10 | −0.76 (−2.09, 0.57) |
−0.22 (−1.59, 1.14) |
||||||
| Mean | 5.9 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 3.7 | ||
| SD | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.0 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | −2.1 * | −1.8 * | −0.8 | −1.4 | ||||
| Emotional Support, SOC8 T-score | 0.17 (−3.23, 3.57) |
1.67 (−3.80, 7.13) |
||||||
| Mean | 44.1 | 44.8 | 47.7 | 45.6 | 46.1 | 46.9 | ||
| SD | 9.9 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 12.6 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.7 | +3.6 | +0.5 | +1.3 | ||||
| Perceived Control Over Course of Cancer, range 0–4 | −0.18 (−0.63, 0.27) |
0.34 (−0.20, 0.88) |
||||||
| Mean | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | ||
| SD | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | ||
| Within-arm mean difference | +0.1 | +0.5 | +0.3 * | −0.1 | ||||
* p < 0.05, paired t-test. * Bolded, p < 0.05, from linear regression analysis. b From linear regression analysis adjusting for baseline level and study site. Intent-to-treat analysis that used last observation carried forward for missing data did not appreciably change results or affect significance. c Difference computed from columns 3 and 2 (post-intervention minus baseline values) within the CCK group. d Difference computed from columns 4 and 2 (follow-up minus baseline values) within the CCK group. e Difference computed from columns 6 and 5 (post-intervention minus baseline values) within the control group. f Difference computed from columns 7 and 5 (follow-up minus baseline values) within the control group. g ½ cup equivalent fruit and vegetable = 1 daily serving. h A total of ~0.56 oz equivalent whole grains = 1 daily serving. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; NA: not applicable; FACT-G7: a rapid version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General; PHQ-4: 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety; SOC8: NIH Toolbox® Emotional Support Fixed Form Age 18+ v 2.0, Short Form