Table 5.
Inadequate DEI and DPI in global HD populations.
| Author/Year | Country | Sample Size, n |
DEI (kcal/kg BW)/day | DPI (g/kg BW/day) |
Dietary Inadequacy a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Large Cross-Sectional/Cohort Studies (n > 100) | |||||
| Suaheleen et al., 2020 [142] | Malaysia | 382 | 24.9 ± 5.2 | 0.90 ± 0.29 | DEI: 52% DPI: 40% |
| Burrowes et al., 2003 [143] | United States | 1901 | 22.70 ± 8.30 | 0.93 ± 0.35 | - |
| Harvinder et al., 2013 b [144] | Malaysia | 155 | 25.5 ± 8.5 | 1.07 ± 0.47 | DEI: 75% DPI: 67% |
| Ichikawa et al., 2007 b [145] | Japan | 200 | 29.3 | 1.08 ± 0.17 | - |
| Kang et al., 2017 [138] | Korea | 144 | 25.8 ± 5.4 | 0.88 ± 0.23 | - |
| Moreira et al., 2013 [146] | Portugal | 130 | 25.8 | 1.27 | DEI: 74.6% DPI: 32.3% |
| Rocco et al., 2002 [147] | United States | 1000 | 22.90 ± 8.40 | 0.93 ± 0.36 | DEI: 92% DPI: 81% |
| Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148] | Malaysia | 205 | 23.12 ± 6.94 | 0.94 ± 0.39 | DEI: 65% DPI: 42% |
| Small-Scale Studies (n < 100) | |||||
| Adanan et al., 2019 [149] | Malaysia | 54 | 21.8 ± 4.8 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | - |
| Arslan and Kiziltan, 2010 [150] | Turkey | 93 | 34.20 ± 8.89 | 0.94 ± 0.26 | - |
| Chauveau et al., 2007 [151] | France | 99 | 29.80 ± 7.50 | 1.18 ± 0.28 | - |
| Johansson et al., 2013 b [152] | England | 53 | 24.30 ± 6.70 | 0.97 ± 0.25 | - |
| Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2002 [153] | United States | 30 | 26.40 ± 15.30 | 0.88 ± 0.57 | - |
| Kim et al., 2015 [154] | Korea | 63 | 21.90 ± 6.70 | 0.90 ± 0.30 | - |
| Morais et al., 2005 [155] | Brazil | 44 | 20.70 ± 6.70 | 1.20 ± 0.60 | - |
| Shapiro et al., 2015 [156] | United States | 13 | 25.4 ± 7.4 | 1.03 ± 0.32 | - |
| Vijayan et al., 2014 [157] | India | 98 | 31.3 | 0.98 | - |
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; DEI, dietary energy intake; DPI, dietary protein intake; HD, hemodialysis. a Cutoff for dietary inadequacy: DEI < 35 kcal/kg BW/day; DPI < 0.8 g/kg BW/day. b Used ideal body weight for calculation of dietary adequacy.