. 2020 Oct 15;12(10):3147. doi: 10.3390/nu12103147

Table 7.

Nutritional outcomes associated with anorexia and appetite hormones in HD patients.

Associations	References
Poor Appetite
$↓$ BMI, MAC, MAMC, and MAMA	Bossola et al., 2011 [167]; Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148]
$↓$ Muscle mass as per BCM, LTM, and LBM index measures	Ekramzadeh et al., 2014 [166]; Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148]; Oliveira et al., 2015 [100]
$↓$ Serum albumin, serum prealbumin and nPCR/nPNA	Molfino et al., 2015 [177]; Oliveira et al., 2015 [100]; Bossola et al., 2011 [167]; Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2004 [163]
$↑$ hsCRP	Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148]; Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2004 [163]
$↑$ DMS, MIS and PG-SGA	Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148]
	Ekramzadeh et al., 2014 [66]; Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2004 [163]
$↓$ GNRI	Oliveira et al., 2015 [100]
$↓$ Overall food intake of < 50%	Molfino et al., 2015 [177]
$↓$ DEI and DPI	Sahathevan et al., 2015 [148]
$↑$ Ghrelin
$↓$ BMI	Mafra et al., 2010 [175]
$↓$ Serum albumin and nPNA	Perez-Fontan et al., 2004 [178]
$↑$ MIS	Vanita et al., 2016 [170]
$↓$ SGA	Perez-Fontan et al., 2004 [178]
$↑ ↓$ Leptin
$↑$ BMI, $↑$ leptin	Montazerifar et al., 2015 [173]
$↑$ Serum albumin, $↑$ leptin	Montazerifar et al., 2015 [173]
$↑$ DMS and MIS, $↓$ leptin	Kursat et al., 2010 [179]; Ko et al., 2020 [172]

Abbreviations: BCM, body cell mass; BMI, body mass index; DEI, dietary energy intake; DMS, Dialysis Malnutrition Score; DPI, dietary protein intake; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LBM, lean body mass; LTM, lean tissue mass; MAMA, mid-arm muscle area; MAC, mid-arm circumference; MAMC, mid-arm muscle circumference; MIS, malnutrition–inflammation score; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate; nPNA, normalized protein nitrogen appearance, PG-SGA, patient-generated subjective global assessment; SGA, subjective global assessment. Notes: $↓$ decreased trend; $↑$ increased trend.