Table 1.

Examples of phenolic compounds, food sources, applications, and beneficial effects.

Main Class	Subclass	Phenolic Compound	Food Sources	Beneficial Effects	Possible Applications
Flavonoids	Flavan-3-ol	Epigallocatechin gallate	Green tea	Anti-oxidant effects [12]	Protection against chemical carcinogens [13]
	Flavones	Apigenin	Oranges	Inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidases (MAOs) [14]	Development of antidepressant and antianxiety agents [15]
	Flavonols	Quercetin	Onions	Anti-oxidant effects and anti-inflammatory effects [16]	Neuropathology prevention [17]
	Anthocyanins	Delphinidin-3-glucoside	Grapes	Anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects [18]	Inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation [19]
	Flavanones	Hesperetin	Citrus fruits	Activity against apoptotic neurodegeneration [20]	Development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease [20]
	Isoflavones	Glycitein	Soybean	Estrogenic effects [21]	Several health effects and disease prevention [21]
Phenolic Acids	Hydroxybenzoic acids	Gallic acid	Green tea	Anti-inflammatory activity [22]	Development of novel and organic anti-inflammatory agents [22]
	Hydroxycinnamic acids	Caffeic acid	Wheat, rice, and oats	Anti-bacterial activity [23]	Development of alternatives to overcome antibiotic resistance [23]
Stilbenes		Resveratrol	Grapes	Anti-oxidant effects [24]	Skin anti-aging products
Lignins		Lignin	Plants (secondary cell walls)	Development of nanoparticles for drug delivery [25]	Cancer therapy