Table 4.

Some examples of pyrethrins and pyrethroids pesticides, which are synthesized by duplicating the structure of natural pyrethrins, components of pyrethrum flowers are the optically active esters derived from (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid and (+)-trans-pyrethroic acid [10,13,19,20].

Examples	Physicochemical Characteristics	Health and Environment Risks
Permethrin	Melting point: 34 °C Solubility in water: 5.5 × 10−3 mg/L Vapor Pressure (20 °C): 2.87 × 10−6 Pa	Eye, skin, and respiratory irritant. Affects central nervous system.
Cypermethrin	Melting point: 81.3 °C Solubility in water (20 °C): 4 × 10−3 mg/L Soluble in ethanol: 337 × 103 mg/L, hexane 103 × 103 mg/L Vapor Pressure (20 °C): 2.27 × 10−7 Pa	Causes DNA damage and oxidative stress in gill cells of fish.
Deltamethrin	Melting point: 98 °C Solubility in water: Insoluble Vapor Pressure (25 °C): 2.0 × 10−6 Pa	Causes neurotoxicity and liver dysfunction accompanied by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.