Table 7.

Effect of extraction on residual pesticides in plant-based foods (mainly fruits and vegetables but also including leaves for infusion).

F&V Produce	Pesticide Compounds	Operation	Conditions	Results	Reference
Apples, asparagus, beets, cucumbers, green beans, lettuce, nectarines, peaches, peas, raspberries, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes	Captan, chlorothalonil, iprodione, vinclozolin, endosulfan, permethrin, methoxychlor, malathion, etc.	Water immersion (rinsing)	Ambient temperature for 15–30 s.	A short rinse in tap water reduces pesticide residues on many types of produce. Water solubility of pesticides did not play a significant. The majority of pesticide residue appears to reside on the surface.	[233]
Cabbage, cantaloupe, pear, white potato	Over 33 types of pesticides coming from different families	Accelerated solvent extraction	Dionex ASE 200 extractor; solvent acetone/dichloromethane; 110 °C; 1500 psi; 2 cycles	Accelerated solvent extraction with acetone/dicholoromethane was able to extract a wide range of pesticide residues	[234]
Fruit juice soft drinks (bottles and cans of different brands from 15 European countries)	Over 100 pesticide compounds from 8 different families	Solid-phase extraction (SPE)	HLB cartridges (200 mg) Soft drink samples passed through the cartridges at a flow rate of 3 mL min−1.	Carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil, prochloraz, malathion, and iprodione were detected in fruit soft drinks, which are mainly those applied to crops as postharvest treatment. The presence of these pesticides in fruit-based soft drinks could be attributed to the use of the peels in the extracts. Therefore, steps should be taken with the aim of removing any traces of pesticides in these products.	[235]
Green pepper, tomato, spinach	Acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, flonicamid, imidacloprid, methomyl, pymetrozine, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam	Water extraction	Please refer to reference.	Water extraction of downsized samples allow quantitative recovery of hydrophilic pesticides	[228]
Green pepper, tomato	CPMF, dinotefuran, CPMA, Nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiaclopridamide, acetamiprid, thiacloprid	Water extraction	Please refer to reference.	This water-based extraction method is convenient to remove pesticides and could be utilized for regular monitoring of neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in high water content crops.	[229]
Peppermint leaves	Malathion, fenitrothion, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos-ethyl	Infusion	Boiling water (2 g in 100 mL), in 5, 10, 15 and 20 min.	Residues of dimethoate into the infusion was highest (91%), followed by malathion (62%) and fenitrothion (38%)	[236]
Spinach	Boscalid, mancozeb, iprodione, propamocarb, and deltamethrin	Blanching	Sample immersed in hot water (88 °C) for 5 min.	Decreased residue of propamocarb (70%), iprodione, and others by 10 to 58%.	[232]
Tea leaves	Phosphamidon, dimethoate, monocrotophos, malathion, methyl parathion, quinalphos, and chlorpyrifos [185], propargite [187]	Extraction (infusion)	Boiling water (5 g in 200 mL), for 2, 5 and 10 min [185] and for 2 min [187]	Residue to the tea brew: 33%, 26%, 20%, 12%, 10%, 8%, and 3%, respectively [185]; 24–40% in infusion media [187]	[225,227]
Tomato (cherry), and farm produce i.e., tomatoes, apples, green peppers, peaches, oranges, and lemons	Acephate, malathion, carbaryl, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, chlorothalonil, and imidacloprid	Water immersion (washing)	Pure water (for all produce) or other washing solutions (for Cherry tomatoes) with added chemical compounds (600 rpm for 1 min, at 10 °C forwashing solutions while for pure water, at 5, 10, and 22 °C, w/wo sonication).	Cherry tomatoes washed at 22 °C presented the highest reduction. Residues in contaminated produce decreased from 40 to 90%. Sonication used with the washing process would increase pesticide removal from produce surfaces.	[237]
Thyme and stinging nettle leaves	Fenitrothion, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos-ethyl	Infusion	Boiling water (2 g in 100 mL), in 5, 10, 15 and 20 min.	The residues of dimethoate (highest water solubility) transferred into the infusions (89–86%), followed by fenitrothion (27–29%), pirimiphos -ethyl (8–14%) and chlorpyrifos (8–8%) during 5 min infusion.	[238]