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. 2020 Oct 15;11(10):704. doi: 10.3390/insects11100704

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparison of antimicrobial activities to E. coli and S. aureus in the hemolymph of HIL immunized with E. faecalis, S. marcescens, L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. fermentum, or L. delbrueckii. N indicates non-immunized hemolymph of H. illucens. Lane 1, hemolymph of S. marsescen-immunized HIL; lane 2, hemolymph of E. faecalis-immunized HIL; lane 3, hemolymph of L. casei-immunized HIL; lane 4, hemolymph of L. acidophilus-immunized HIL; lane 5, hemolymph of L. brevis-immunized HIL; lane 6, hemolymph of L. fermentum-immunized HIL; lane 7, hemolymph of L. delbrueckii-immunized HIL. The values of column graphs are presented as the mean ± S.D. * and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 vs. normal control (N), respectively.