Table 1.
Dietary reference values for carbohydrates, dietary fibre, total fat, fatty acids, protein and water.
| Nutrient | Age Range (Years)/Physiological State | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥18 | Pregnancy | Lactation | ||||
| 1st Trimester <12 Weeks | 2nd Trimester 13 < 28 Weeks | 3rd Trimester ≥ 28 Weeks | 0–6 Months Post-Partum | >6 Months Post-Partum | ||
| Total carbohydrates a (E%) | 45–60 | |||||
| Dietary fibre b (g/day) | 25 | |||||
| Total fat a (E%) | 20–35 | 20–35 | 20–35 | |||
| SFA | ALAP | ALAP | ALAP | |||
| LA b (E%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||
| ALA b (E%) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||
| EPA + DHA b (mg/day) | 250 | 250 | 250 | |||
| DHA b (mg/day) | +100–200 c | +100–200 c | ||||
| TFA | ALAP | ALAP | ALAP | |||
| Protein | ||||||
| AR d | 0.66 | +0.52 e g/day | +7.2 e g/day | +23 e g/day | +10 e g/day | +15 e g/day |
| PRI d (g/kg bw/day) | 0.83 | +1 f g/day | +9 f g/day | +28 f g/day | +19 f g/day | +23 f g/day |
| Water b,g (L/day) | ||||||
| Males | 2.5 | |||||
| Females | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.7 | |||
ALA, a-linolenic acid; ALAP, as low as possible; AR, average requirement; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; E%, percentage of energy intake; L, litre; LA, linoleic acid; PRI, population reference intake; SFA, saturated fatty acids; TFA, trans-fatty acids. a RI, reference intake range, b AI, adequate intake, c in addition to combined intakes of EPA and DHA of 250 mg/day, d to be multiplied by reference body weights to calculate values in g/day, e in addition to AR for protein of non-pregnant, non-lactating women, f in addition to PRI for protein of non-pregnant, non-lactating women, g includes water from beverages of all kind, including drinking and mineral water, and from food moisture. (European Food Safety Authority, 2017. Based on Cutolo, M. and Nikiphorou, E. 2019 ‘EULAR Online Course on Rheumatic Diseases: Nutrition in Rheumatic Diseases’, Module 42d.).