Table 1. Demographics, descriptive statistics and patients sample characteristics.
| Healthy Controls | Stroke patients Baseline |
Case-Control comparisons | Stroke patients longitudinal (1st session) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | t-test (t(p)) | Mean (SD) | Range | |
| Total N (% females) | 140 (39.3%) | – | 70 (28.6%) | – | 2.33 (.127)c | 54 (25.9%) | |
| Age | 67.4 (9.1) | 31–81 | 67.7 (10.1) | 24.3–81.8 | −0.17 (.865) | 69.72 (7.46) | 47.8–82.0 |
| Education | 15.92 (3.22) | 6–23.5 | 14.27 (3.78) | 7–30 | 3.04 (.003) | 14.38 (3.75) | 9–30 |
| MMSE | 28.74 (1.41) | 23–30 | 27.84 (2.04) | 22–30 | 3.23 (.002) | 28.00 (1.87) | 22–30 |
| MoCA | 27.04 (2.12) | 17–30 | 25.59 (3.16) | 14–30 | 3.42 (.001) | 25.92 (2.77) | 17–30 |
| GAD-7 | 2.09 (2.85) | 0–20 | 2.61 (2.96) | 0–12 | −1.23 (.220) | 2.49 (2.74) | 0–11 |
| PHQ-9 | 3.21 (3.09) | 0–15 | 4.69 (4.36) | 0–17 | −2.53 (.013) | 4.36 (4.18) | 0–17 |
| TVA parameters | lm (t(p)) | ||||||
| K (letters) | 3.07 (0.73) | 1.48–5.53 | 2.72 (0.74) | 1.41–4.96 | −3.21 (.002)* | ||
| C (Hz) | 27.84 (14.84) | 6.00–99.33 | 21.42 (11.50) | 3.94–83.39 | −3.32 (.001)* | ||
| t0(ms) | 25.20 (15.46) | 0–79.75 | 32.41 (20.28) | 0–112 | 3.22 (.002)* | ||
| Error rate | 0.11 (0.09) | 0–0.46 | 0.09 (0.08) | 0–0.34 | −1.68 (.095) | ||
| Patient Characteristics | Cross-sectional (N = 70) | Longitudinal (N = 54) | |||||
| Months since stroke | 26.67 (9.13) | 6–45 | 25.74 (9.17) | 6–45 | |||
| NIHSSa | 1.31 (1.52) | 0–7 | 1.33 (1.53) | 0–7 | |||
| TOAST classification for ischemic strokeb |
Large artery artherosclerosis (23) Cardioembolism (7) Small vessel occlusion (21) Other (17) |
Large artery artherosclerosis (20) Cardioembolism (6) Small vessel occlusion (18) Other (10) |
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| Stroke location |
Right (30) Left (22) Brain stem / Cerebellum (9) Bilateral (7) |
Right (23) Left (18) Brain stem / Cerebellum (8) Bilateral (5) |
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Notes.
a
NIHSS score at hospital discharge.
b
One patient had intracerebral hemorrhage. (Kolskår et al., 2020; Richard et al., 2020; Ulrichsen et al., 2020).
c
Chi square statistics.
*
Significant after Bonferroni correction.
SD = standard deviation; K = short-term memory capacity; C = perceptual processing speed; t0 = perceptual threshold; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; lm = linear model.