Table 6.
Generalized linear mixed model of dog sex and human gender effects on leash tension and pulling frequency. Mean (kg force) (μ) and standard deviation (SD) of different dependent variables by gender/sex are provided, together with β, SE and p-values for significant or close to significant variables.
| Log10NTmax | Log10NTmean | Log10DTmax | Log10DTmean | Log10DPF | Log10HTmax | Log10HTmean | Log10HPF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Human
Gender 1 |
Women | Women | Women | Women | Women | Women | Women | Women |
| μ 3.72, SD 2.01 | μ 0.58, SD 0.26 | μ 3.24, SD 1.81 | μ 1.15, SD 0.5 | μ 0.19, SD 0.14 | μ 3.05, SD 1.72 | μ 1.14, SD 0.49 | μ 0.19, SD 0.13 | |
| Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | |
| μ 3.68, SD 1.93 | μ 0.59, SD 0.24 | μ 3.29, SD 1.87 | μ 1.16, SD 0.48 | μ 0.18, SD 0.13 | μ 2.97, SD 1.77 | μ 1.14, SD 0.52 | μ 0.17, SD 0.12 | |
| -- | -- | -- | -- |
β -0.29 SE 0.09 p 0.0017 |
-- | -- | -- | |
|
Dog
Sex 1 |
Female | Female | Female | Female | Female | Female | Female | Female |
| μ 3.3, SD 1.72 | μ 0.54, SD 0.22 | μ 2.88, SD 1.58 | μ 1.07, SD 0.39 | μ 0.17, SD 0.13 | μ 2.72, SD 1.5 | μ 1.03, SD 0.38 | μ 0.16, SD 0.1 | |
| Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | |
| μ 4.12, SD 2.13 | μ 0.63, SD 0.27 | μ 3.64, SD 1.97 | μ 1.25, SD 0.56 | μ 0.21, SD 0.14 | μ 3.35, SD 1.9 | μ 1.24, SD 0.58 | μ 0.21, SD 0.14 | |
| β 0.22 | β 0.15 | β 0.26 | β 0.17 | β 0.37 | β 0.15 | β 0.168 | β 0.36 | |
| SE 0.071 | SE 0.053 | SE 0.078 | SE 0.054 | SE 0.12 | SE 0.076 | SE 0.055 | SE 0.11 | |
| p 0.0031 | p 0.0063 | p 0.0011 | p 0.0026 | p 0.0032 | p 0.051 | p 0.0029 | p 0.0018 |
Tension and pulling frequency were analysed after log10 transformation. NTmax: maximal net leash tension. NTmean: mean net leash tension. DTmax: maximal leash tension caused by dog. DTmean: mean leash tension caused by dog. HTmax: maximal leash tension caused by handler. HTmean: mean leash tension caused by handler. DPF: dog pulling frequency. HPF: handler pulling frequency. μ: mean (kg force). SD: standard deviation of μ. β: regression coefficient. SE: standard error of β. p: p-value of the model. --: Not included in the generalized linear mixed model because the independent variable had high p-values in the bivariate regression model. 1. Women and female dogs were used as control.