Table 7.
Generalized linear mixed model of dog sex and human gender effects on canine behaviour. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (SD) of different dependent variables by gender/sex was provided.
| Track (%) | Tail High (%) | Gaze (no./s) | Lip-Lick (no./s) | Eliminate-Mark (no./s) 3 | Pant (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Gender 1 | Women | Women | Women | Women | Women | Women |
| μ 15.51, SD 11.62 | μ 78.59, SD 29.85 | μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ 10.48, SD 11.07 | |
| Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | Men | |
| μ 14.64, SD 10.57 | μ 76.82, SD 30.43 | μ 0.02, SD 0.02 | μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ 10.36, SD 11.2 | |
| β −0.027 | β −0.073 | β 0.037 | β 0.024 | -- | -- | |
| SE 0.013 | SE 0.032 | SE 0.012 | SE 0.011 | |||
| p 0.042 | p 0.023 | p 0.0013 | p 0.032 | |||
| Dog Sex 1 | Female | Female | Female | Female | Female | Female |
| μ 17.18, SD 12.58 | μ 72.32, SD 33.04 | μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01 | μ 8.31, SD 10.4 | |
| Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | Male | |
| μ 12.82, SD 9.16 | μ 84.42, SD 24.84 | μ 0.02, SD 0.02 | μ 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ 12.48, SD 11.38 | |
| β −0.041 | β 0.038 | β −0.0033 | -- | β 0.013 | β −0.024 | |
| SE 0.02 | SE 0.06 | SE 0.016 | SE 0.0049 | SE 0.029 | ||
| p 0.043 | p 0.53 | p 0.84 | p 0.0073 | p 0.41 |
Track (%): tracking time (s)/total walking time (s) × 100%. Tail high (%): tail high time (s)/total walking time (s) × 100%, analysed in power of 7. Gaze (no./s): Numbers of gazes / time when the dog’s head was visible in the Gopro video (s), analysed in power of 0.4. Lip-lick (no./s): Numbers of lip-licks/time when the dog’s head was visible in the Gopro video (s), analysed in power of 0.4. Eliminate-mark (no./s): Numbers of eliminate-marks/total walking time (s), analysed in power of 0.6. Pant (%): painting time (s)/time when the dog’s head was visible in the Gopro video (s) × 100%, analysed in power of 0.5. μ: mean. SD: standard deviation of μ. β: regression coefficient. SE: standard error of β. p: p-value of the model. --: Not included in the generalized linear mixed model because the independent variable had high p-values in the bivariate regression model. 1 Women and female dogs were used as control. Wagging tail, shaking body and sniffing were not entered into the generalized linear mixed model because both independent variables, dog sexes and human genders, had high p-values in the bivariate regression models.