Table 8.

Generalized linear mixed model of dog sex and human gender (independent variables) effects on human verbal cues (dependent variables). Mean (μ) and standard deviation (SD) of different dependent variables by gender/sex was provided. All verbal cues were analysed as frequencies (numbers of events/total walking time).

	Total Verbal Cues (no./s) 1	Attention Seeking (no./s) 2	Communication (no./s) 2	Negative Verbal Cue (no./s) 2	Praise (no./s) 1	High-Pitched Voice (no./s) 1	Command (no./s) 1
Human Gender 3	Women	Women	Women	Women	Women	Women	Women
	μ 0.09, SD 0.07	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ 0.01, SD 0.01	μ < 0.01, SD 0.01	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ 0.03, SD 0.03
	Men	Men	Men	Men	Men	Men	Men
	μ 0.07, SD 0.06	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01	μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01	μ 0.02, SD 0.03	μ < 0.01, SD 0.01	μ 0.03, SD 0.02
	β −0.034	β −0.031	β −0.003	β −0.011	β 0.005	β −0.062	β −0.032
	SE 0.017	SE 0.017	SE 0.012	SE 0.0081	SE 0.011	SE 0.011	SE 0.011
	p 0.041	p 0.076	p 0.8	p 0.17	p 0.65	p < 0.001	p 0.0056
Dog Sex 3	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female
	μ 0.08, SD 0.06	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ 0.01, SD 0.01	μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ 0.01, SD 0.02	μ 0.03, SD 0.03
	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male	Male
	μ 0.08, SD 0.07	μ 0.02, SD 0.02	μ < 0.01, SD 0.01	μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01	μ 0.02, SD 0.03	μ 0.01, SD 0.02	μ 0.03, SD 0.03
	--	--	--	--	--	--	β −0.021 SE 0.012 p 0.085

^1. Analysed after transformation to the power of 0.5. ^2. Analysed after transformation to the power of 0.4. ³ Women and female dogs were used as control. μ: mean. SD: standard deviation of μ. β: regression coefficient. SE: standard error of β. p: p-value of the model --: Not included in the generalized linear mixed model because the independent variable had high p-values in the bivariate regression model.