Table 9.
Generalized linear mixed model of dog sex and human gender (independent variables) effects on human body language (dependent variables). Mean (μ) and standard deviation (SD) of different dependent variables by gender/sex was provided. All body languages were analysed as frequencies (numbers of events/total walking time).
| Total Body Language (no./s) 1 | Treating Dog with Food (no./s) | Physical Contacts (no./s) 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Gender 2 | Women | Women | Women |
| μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ < 0.01, SD < 0.01 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | |
| Men | Men | Men | |
| μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | |
| β 0.06 | β 0.001 | β 0.067 | |
| SE 0.023 | SE 0.00063 | SE 0.019 | |
| p 0.0089 | p 0.11 | p 0.0007 | |
| Dog Sex 2 | Female | Female | Female |
| μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | |
| Male | Male | Male | |
| μ 0.01, SD 0.02 | μ < 0.01, SD <0.01 | μ < 0.01, SD 0.01 | |
| -- | -- | -- |
1. Analysed after transformation to the power of 0.3. 2. Women and female dogs were used as control. μ: mean. SD: standard deviation of μ. β: regression coefficient. SE: standard error of β. p: p-value of the model. --: Not included in the generalized linear mixed model because the independent variable had high p-values in the bivariate regression model. Body gestures and asking the dog to sit were not entered into the generalized linear mixed model because both independent variables, dog sexes and human genders, had high p-values in the bivariate regression models.