Table 2.

Isolation of colistin-resistant microbes from animal-based food in different countries.

Country	Type of Animals	Type of Samples	Sample Size	Type of Microbes	Detection Basis	Reference
Nepal	Healthy chickens	Cloacal swabs	324	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[58]
China	Healthy chickens	Lung, spleen	644	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[59]
	Pigs	Liver	113
	Cows	Milk	61
	Ducks	Liver	44
Iran	Healthy broilers	Cloacal swabs	503	Klebsiella pneumoniae	mcr-1, 2, 3, 4	[60]
	Dead broilers		388
	Dead lying hens		30
	Dead turkeys		23
Vietnam	Healthy chickens	Cloacal swabs	NS	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[61]
	Pigs
Brazil	Healthy chickens	Breast	20	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[62]
		Thigh	20
		Liver	1
Denmark	Chicken meat	ND	NS	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[63]
Spain	Swine	Lymph node	NS	Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[64]
		Faeces
	Turkey	Faeces	NS	Escherichia coli
Switzerland	Chicken meat	ND	6	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[65]
Germany	Healthy chicken	Drumsticks	500	Cirobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pantoea agglomerans	Disc diffusion	[66]
	Pork	Belly	500	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca
Japan	Diseased swine	ND	NS	Escherichia coli	mcr-1	[67]
Algeria	Healthy chickens	ND	NS	Escherichia coli	Disc diffusion	[68]
Taiwan	Diseased Chickens	ND	450	Salmonella spp.	mcr-1	[69]
	Pigs		279
	Ducks		206
	Turkeys		170
	Geese		88
Great Britain	Diseased pigs	Small intestine	3	Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium	mcr-1	[70]
Great Britain	Healthy Pigs	Cecums	2509	Escherichia coli	Disc diffusion	[71]
	Cattle	Distal rectums	891
	Sheep	Distal rectums	973
Italy	Diseased pigs	Rectal swabs, faeces, intestines	NS	Escherichia coli	Disc diffusion, mcr-1	[72]
Great Britain	Healthy pigs	Cecal contents	NS	Moraxella spp.	MIC and mcr-1,2	[52]
France	Diseased pigs	Intestinal	63	Escherichia coli	Disc diffusion	[48]
		Septicemia	2
		Nervous system	1
		Lymph node	1
		Urine	1
Botswana	Beef	Meat cubes	134	Escherichia coli O157: H7	Disc diffusion	[73]
		Minced meat	133
		Fresh sausages	133
India	Poultry	ND	NS	Salmonella spp.	Disc diffusion	[74]
India	Chickens	Faecal, cecal	434	Salmonella enterica	Disc diffusion	[75]
	Ducks	Faecal	38
	Emus	Faecal	35

ND—not defined; NS—not specified.