Table 2.
Participants’ main characteristics and protein intake variables by country.
| Mexico | U.S.A. | Germany | United Kingdom | p-Value | Effect Size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 187 | 200 | 97 | 38 | |||
| Women (%) | 74.9 a | 50.0 b | 49.5 b | 68.4 a,b | <0.001 | 0.244 | S |
| Age (year) | 79 ± 8 a | 71 ± 7 b | 78 ± 3 a | 78 ± 5 a | <0.001 | 0.226 | L |
| Body mass (kg) | 63.2 ± 13.1 a | 83.8 ± 19.6 b | 74.1 ± 14.0 c | 68.0 ± 12.0 a,c | <0.001 | 0.238 | L |
| Height (cm) | 153.6 ± 9.1 a | 166.6 ± 10.3 b | 166.1 ± 9.2 b | - † | <0.001 | 0.297 | L |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 5.7 a | 30.1 ± 6.0 b | 26.8 ± 4.0 a | - † | <0.001 | 0.074 | M |
| Absolute protein intake (g) | |||||||
| Day | 57 ± 20 a | 74 ± 28 b | 70 ± 19 b | 76 ± 12 b | <0.001 | 0.111 | M |
| Breakfast | 17 ± 8 a | 16 ± 10 a,b | 16 ± 9 a,b | 14 ± 6 b | 0.023 | 0.006 | T |
| Lunch | 25 ± 12 | 23 ± 14 | 24 ± 10 | 29 ± 14 | 0.098 | 0.009 | T |
| Dinner | 13 ± 8 a | 30 ± 17 b | 22 ± 11 c | 33 ± 12 b | <0.001 | 0.275 | L |
| Relative protein intake (g/kg) | |||||||
| Day | 0.93 ± 0.37 a | 0.92 ± 0.38 a | 0.97 ± 0.28 a | 1.14 ± 0.25 b | <0.001 | 0.019 | S |
| Breakfast | 0.29 ± 0.16 a | 0.20 ± 0.13 b | 0.23 ± 0.12 b | 0.21 ± 0.10 b | <0.001 | 0.077 | M |
| Lunch | 0.41 ± 0.22 a | 0.28 ± 0.19 b | 0.33 ± 0.14 c | 0.43 ± 0.23 a,c | <0.001 | 0.082 | M |
| Dinner | 0.21 ± 0.14 a | 0.37 ± 0.22 b | 0.30 ± 0.14 c | 0.50 ± 0.19 d | <0.001 | 0.196 | L |
| Daily contribution (%) | |||||||
| Breakfast | 32 ± 14 a | 22 ± 13 b,c | 23 ± 10 b | 19 ± 8 c | <0.001 | 0.126 | M |
| Lunch | 43 ± 15 a | 31 ± 16 b | 35 ± 12 b | 38 ± 16 a,b | <0.001 | 0.114 | M |
| Dinner | 23 ± 12 a | 40 ± 16 b | 31 ± 11 c | 44 ± 15 b | <0.001 | 0.268 | L |
| PDCV | 0.55 ± 0.26 a | 0.59 ± 0.28 a | 0.43 ± 0.24 b | 0.60 ± 0.18 a | <0.001 | 0.044 | S |
† Data not obtained. BMI: Body Mass Index; g/kg: grams of protein per kilogram of body mass; L: large effect size; M: medium effect size; PDCV: protein distribution coefficient of variation (dimensionless); S: small effect size; T: trivial effect size; U.S.A.: United States of America. Countries not sharing a similar letter denote significant differences among them (p ≤ 0.05) within each variable.