Table 3.
Background Characteristics of the Participants Stratified by Blood Glucose (n=321)
| Variables | Categories | Fasting Blood Glucose | Chi-Square | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (<100 mg/dl) | Prediabetes (100–125 mg/dl) | Diabetes Mellitus (≥126 mg/dl) | ||||
| All | 251 (78.2) | 40 (12.5) | 30 (9.3) | N/A | N/A | |
| Sex | Men | 107 (73.8) | 22 (15.2) | 16 (11.0) | 3.022 | 0.221 |
| Women | 144 (81.8) | 18 (10.2) | 14 (8.0) | |||
| Age (year) | 20–39 | 165 (86.8) | 14 (7.4) | 11 (5.8) | 20.546 | <0.001* |
| 40–64 | 71 (65.1) | 22 (20.2) | 16 (14.7) | |||
| ≥65 | 15 (68.2) | 4 (18.2) | 3 (13.6) | |||
| Educational status | Cannot read and write | 27 (77.1) | 6 (17.1) | 2 (5.7) | 4.601 | 0.331 |
| Primary & secondary | 147 (79.5) | 24 (13.0) | 14 (7.6) | |||
| Tertiary | 77 (76.2) | 10 (9.9) | 14 (13.9) | |||
| Wealth index (tertile) | Poor | 89 (84.0) | 9 (8.5) | 8 (7.5) | 5.830 | 0.212 |
| Medium | 82 (72.6) | 16 (14.2) | 15 (13.3) | |||
| Rich | 80 (78.4) | 15 (14.7) | 7 (6.9) | |||
| Intensity of activity in daily work | Vigorous | 22 (88.0) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3.151 | 0.533 |
| Moderate | 163 (77.6) | 27 (12.9) | 20 (9.5) | |||
| Low | 24 (77.4) | 5 (16.1) | 2 (6.5) | |||
| Formal exercise | Yes | 34 (81.0) | 5 (11.9) | 3 (7.1) | 0.310 | 0.856 |
| No | 217 (77.8) | 35 (12.5) | 27 (9.7) | |||
| Heart rate (ranked) | Low | 98 (88.3) | 8 (7.2) | 5 (4.5) | 10.772 | 0.029* |
| Medium | 77 (74.8) | 14 (13.6) | 12 (11.7) | |||
| High | 76 (71.0) | 18 (16.8) | 13 (12.1) | |||
| Having House servant | Yes | 49 (63.6) | 13 (16.9) | 15 (19.5) | 15.468 | <0.001* |
| No | 202 (82.8) | 27 (11.1) | 15 (6.1) | |||
| Having Laundry machine | Yes | 65 (67.7) | 17 (17.7) | 14 (14.6) | 8.849 | 0.012* |
| No | 185 (82.6) | 23 (10.3) | 16 (7.1) | |||
| House ownership | Yes | 119 (73.9) | 24 (14.9) | 18 (11.2) | 3.470 | 0.176 |
| No | 132 (82.5) | 16 (10.0) | 12 (7.5) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | M/W <94/80 | 139 (86.3) | 15 (9.3) | 7 (4.3) | 13.935 | 0.001* |
| M/W ≥94/80 | 112 (70.0) | 25 (15.6) | 23 (14.4) | |||
| Body mass index | Underweight/normal | 164 (85.4) | 17 (8.9) | 11 (5.7) | 18.561 | 0.001* |
| Overweight | 60 (69.0) | 17 (19.5) | 10 (11.5) | |||
| Obese | 27 (64.3) | 6 (14.3) | 9 (21.4) | |||
| Waist to hip ratio | M/W <0.88/0.82 | 77 (95.1) | 3 (3.7) | 1 (1.2) | 18.237 | <0.001* |
| M/W ≥0.88/0.82 | 174 (72.5) | 37 (15.4) | 29 (12.1) | |||
| Waist to height ratio | M/W <0.49/0.50 | 107 (93.0) | 5 (4.3) | 3 (2.6) | 23.223 | <0.001* |
| M/W ≥0.49/0.50 | 144 (69.9) | 35 (17.0) | 27 (13.1) | |||
| Blood pressure | Normotensivea | 156 (87.2) | 19 (10.6) | 4 (2.2) | 22.667 | <0.001* |
| Pre-hypertensiveb | 38 (70.4) | 9 (16.7) | 7 (12.9) | |||
| Hypertensivec | 60 (68.2) | 12 (13.6) | 16 (18.2) | |||
| Systolic blood pressure | <130 mmHg | 181 (85.0) | 25 (11.7) | 7 (3.3) | 25.663 | <0.001* |
| 130–139 mmHg | 29 (70.7) | 5 (12.2) | 7 (17.1) | |||
| ≥140 mmHg | 43 (64.2) | 10 (14.9) | 14 (20.9) | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure | <85 mmHg | 182 (83.5) | 23 (10.5) | 13 (6.0) | 15.820 | 0.003* |
| 85–89 mmHg | 27 (62.8) | 10 (23.3) | 6 (13.9) | |||
| ≥90 mmHg | 44 (73.3) | 6 (10.0) | 10 (16.7) | |||
| LDL-C | <130 mg/dL | 142 (87.7) | 12 (7.4) | 8 (4.9) | 17.245 | <0.001* |
| ≥130 mg/dL | 109 (68.6) | 28 (17.6) | 22 (13.8) | |||
| Triglyceride | <150 mg/dL | 169 (88.0) | 14 (7.3) | 9 (4.7) | 27.240 | <0.001* |
| ≥150 mg/dL | 82 (63.6) | 26 (20.2) | 21 (16.3) | |||
| Total cholesterol | <200 mg/dL | 193 (86.9) | 19 (8.6) | 10 (4.5) | 33.888 | <0.001* |
| ≥200 mg/dL | 58 (58.6) | 21 (21.2) | 20 (20.2) | |||
| HDL-C | M/W ≥40/50 mg/dL | 212 (79.1) | 33 (12.3) | 23 (8.6) | 1.214 | 0.545 |
| M/W <40/50 mg/dL | 39 (73.6) | 7 (13.2) | 7 (13.2) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | Negative | 101 (94.4) | 4 (3.7) | 2 (1.9) | 24.786 | <0.001* |
| Positive | 150 (70.1) | 36 (16.8) | 28 (13.1) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | Negative | 224 (89.2) | 20 (8.0) | 7 (2.8) | 67.553 | <0.001* |
| Positive | 33 (47.2) | 18 (25.7) | 19 (27.1) | |||
Note: *Significant difference, a<130 and <85 mmHg, b130–139/85–89 mmHg, c≥140/90 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively.
Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M/W, men/women; N/A, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.