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Schematic of the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane functionalization process sequence: (a) bilayer coating of virgin UF membrane with polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polyacrylic acid (PAA); (b) crosslinking of bilayers using 0.5% 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamionopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC); (c) Ag+ loading within the bilayers by soaking in 5 mM AgC2H3O2 solution; (d) formation of stable silver phosphate nanoparticle (AgPNPs) by soaking in 0.2 M Na2HPO4 solution.
