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. 2020 Oct 16;9(10):1007. doi: 10.3390/antiox9101007

Table 5.

The dose, lesion type, and behavioral evaluating methods in each paraquat-induced PD animal model.

Paraquat Dose Animal Lesion Type Description of Behavioral Tests Performed Reference
0.02 or 0.2 mg/kg postnatal day 10 and 11
(in H2O and sonicated with a 20% fat emulsion vehicle)		 Male C57Bl/6 mice Oral administration

  1. Spontaneous behavior: at 2 months of age.

  2. Radial arm maze test: at 3 months of age.

 [176]
1 or 10 mg/kg, two times/week for three weeks (on the 1st, 5th, 8th, 12th, 15th, and 19th days)
(in saline)		 Male C57/BL6 mice Intraperitoneally

  1. Home cage locomotor activity: baseline, 8th, 15th, and 19th day.

  2. Sucrose preference test: baseline, 2nd, 9th, and 20th day.

  3. Spontaneous alternation behavior Y-maze test: on the 21st day.

  4. Open-field test: on the 22nd day.

  5. Elevated plus maze test: on the 22nd day.

  6. Forced swim test: on the 24th day.

 [177]
1 mg/kg/day for seven days, a total of 7 mg/kg
(in saline)		 Male Sprague Dawley rats Oral administration

  1. Vibrissae-evoked forelimb placement test (vibrissae test): baseline, 2nd and 4th week.

  2. Stepping test: baseline, 2nd and 4th week.

 [178]
10 mg/kg twice per week for three weeks, a total of 60 mg/kg
(in saline)		 Male C57BL6/J mice Intraperitoneally

  1. Home cage locomotor activity: baseline, 1st, 6th, 13th, 20th, 22nd, 29th, and 40th day.

  2. Sucrose preference test: baseline, 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 23rd, 31st, and 41st day.

  3. Spontaneous alternation behavior Y-maze test: on the 19th and 42nd day.

  4. Elevated plus maze test: on the 21st and 43rd day.

  5. Rotarod test: on the 41st day.

  6. Forced swim test: on the 44th day.

 [179]
2.5 mg/kg/day for four weeks; 0.25 µL/h injection rate
(in saline)		 Male Wistar rats Subcutaneously
(chronic exposure using osmotic minipumps implanted slightly posterior back to the shoulder blades)

  1. Rotarod test: eight weeks after the implantation of the minipumps.

  2. Open-field test: eight weeks after the implantation of the minipumps.

 [180]
10–20 mg/kg
(200 g/L gramoxone, from 1st day of pregnancy (G0) to G21)		 Male and female Swiss mice Oral administration

  1. Negative geotaxis test: prenatal exposure, on the 5th, 7th, and 9th day.

  2. Surface righting reflex test: prenatal exposure, on the 5th, 7th, and 9th day.

  3. Cliff avoidance test: prenatal exposure, on the 5th, 7th, and 9th day.

  4. Rotarod test: prenatal exposure, on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th.

  5. Paraquat effect on adult behavior: all animals were tested on the postnatal 60th day for the open-field test, elevated plus maze test and novel object recognition).

 [181]
27 or 54 mg/m3 eight times (on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 13th, and 15th day), each time 30 min, for 16 days. Sprague Dawley rats Aerosol administration

  1. Morris water-maze test: on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th day.

  2. Passive avoidance test: latency to enter the darkroom, 3, 24, and 48 h.

 [182]
5 mg/kg four times (on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 7th day; a total of 20 mg/kg)
(in saline)		 Male Swiss mice Intraperitoneally

  1. Open-field test: two days after the last paraquat administration.

  2. Rotarod test: sixty days after the last paraquat administration.

  3. Neurological Severity Score: on the 2nd, 15th, 30th, and 60th day after the last paraquat administration.

  4. Social recognition: thirty-eight days after the last paraquat administration.

 [183]
7 mg/kg with two-day intervals for a total of six doses; a total of 42 mg/kg
(in saline)		 C57Bl6/J (p16-3MR) mice Intraperitoneally Cylinder test: before the sacrifice. [184]