Table 5.
Citral’s effect on the serum levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and leptin in animals fed with standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) after 90 min of the LPS-injection.
| Groups | IL-1β (pg/mL) | IL-6 (pg/mL) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | Leptin (pg/mL) | ||||
| SD | HFD | SD | HFD | SD | HFD | SD | HFD | |
| Tween 80 + Saline | 8.14 ± 0.16 | 7.64 ± 0.01 | 68.21 ± 4.71 | 139.00 ± 15.33 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 1.02 ± 0.19 |
| Tween 80 + LPS | 8.89 ± 0.16 | 9.61 ± 0.20 **** | 54,468.00 ± 4401.00 **** | 71,621.00 ± 8588.00 a **** | 322.20 ± 72.29 **** | 407.00 ± 34.51 *** | 0.91 ± 0.23 | 1.74 ± 0.19 a |
| IBU 100 + LPS | 8.98 ± 0.20 | 10.12 ± 0.19 a | 50,232.00 ± 5352.00 | 86,452.00 ± 6368.00 | 415.70 ± 59.61 | 693.10 ± 92.64 a # | 0.92 ± 0.33 | 1.49 ± 0.26 |
| Citral 300 + Saline | 7.64 ± 0.00 | 8.44 ± 0.21 | 213.00 ± 60.83 | 161.30 ± 29.31 | 1.10 ± 0.07 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.32 | 0.79 ± 0.17 |
| Citral 25 + LPS | 9.03 ± 0.20 | 10.22 ± 0.22 a | 61,831.00 ± 5047.00 | 71,133.00 ± 9311.00 | 248.90 ± 35.80 | 462.00 ± 83.82 a | 0.82 ± 0.14 | 0.96 ± 0.10 # |
| Citral 100 + LPS | 9.57 ± 0.26 | 9.98 ± 0.39 | 80,850.00 ± 5015.00 | 50,871.00 ± 11,452.00 | 185.70 ± 23.92 | 221.90 ± 53.59 | 0.69 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.10 |
| Citral 300 + LPS | 9.09 ± 0.17 | 10.08 ± 0.31 a | 62,521.00 ± 8848.00 | 69,538.00 ± 11,459.00 | 99.84 ± 9.23 ## | 139.40 ± 18.85 # | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 0.65 ± 0.10 ## |
All data are expressed as mean ± SEM for n = 6–7 per group. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 vs. Tween 80 + saline; # p < 0.05 and ## < 0.01 vs. Tween 80 + LPS. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test; a = p < 0.05 compared to the SD mice.