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. 2020 Oct 18;9(10):3343. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103343

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study participants, both overall and according to category of weight gain after Institute of Medicine 2009.

Characteristic % or P50 (P25, P75) in Each Weight Gain Category p within IOM Categories *
Overall Weight Gain < IOM Weight Gain within IOM Weight Gain > IOM
Non-Caucasian ethnicity (%) 5.5 4.4 3.8 11.3 <0.001
Age (years) 33.0 (29.0; 36.0) 33.0 (29.0; 36.0) 33.0 (30.0; 36.0) 33.0 (29.0; 36.0) 0.694
Height (cm) 160 (155; 164) 159 (155; 163) 160 (156; 164) 160 (156; 164) 0.002
Prepregnancy BMI category (%)

  • Underweight

  • Normal weight

  • Overweight

  • Obesity
2.6
63.1
23.5
10.7
2.7
77.9
12.3
7.1
3.4
58.5
28.8
9.3
1.0
30.1
45.5
23.4		 <0.001
Family history of diabetes (%) 56.4 54.4 57.7 59.8 0.083
Prior history of abnormal glucose tolerance/gestational diabetes mellitus (%) 13.7 13.5 13.5 14.7 0.783
Prior pregnancy (%) 62.3 60.0 64.6 65.0 0.041
Unfavorable obstetric history (%) 12.8 9.3 15.3 18.4 <0.001
Multiple pregnancy (%) 3.9 5.7 2.3 1..6 <0.001
Smoking habit during pregnancy

  • quitter (%)

  • active smokers (%)
11.5
23.4
9.5
20.8
12.2
24.7
15.8
28.2		 <0.001
Season at gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis

  • summer

  • autumn

  • winter
31.0
25.2
19.3
30.6
24.6
20.1
30.7
26.7
17.6
32.4
24.2
20.1		 0.681
Gestational age at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (weeks) 29 (26; 33) 29 (25; 33) 30 (26; 33) 29 (26; 34) 0.008
Glycemic values (mmol/L) at diagnosis

  • Glucose 0 h

  • Glucose 1 h

  • Glucose 2 h

  • Glucose 3 h
4.7 (4.3; 5.1)
11.6 (10.9; 12.5)
10.2 (9.6; 11.1)
7.8 (6.6; 8.8)
4.6 (4.3; 5.0)
11.6 (10.9; 12.5)
10.2 (9.6; 11.1)
7.9 (6.8; 8.8)
4.7 (4.31; 5.1)
11.6 (10.8; 12.4)
10.2 (9.6; 11.1)
7.9 (6.6; 8.8)
4.9 (4.5; 5.4)
11.5 (10.9; 12.6)
10.2 (9.5; 11.1)
7.5 (6.1; 8.7)
<0.001
0.562
0.183
0.002
Number of abnormal glucose values 2 (2; 3) 2 (2; 3) 2 (2; 3) 2 (2; 3) 0.594
Autoimmunity against beta cells (%) 9.2 9.0 9.4 9.6 0.904
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) 39 (38;40) 39 (38;40) 39 (38;40) 39 (38;40) <0.001
Length of follow-up (weeks) 7 (3; 11) 7 (4; 11) 7 (4;10) 6 (3;10) 0.032
Weight gain (kg) 10.2 (7.7; 13.0) 8.2 (5.7; 10.0) 12.2 (9.5; 13.9) 16.0 (13.0; 18.2) <0.001

IOM: Institute of Medicine; BMI: body mass index; * Variables different from weight gain with a p value < 0.100 after bivariate multinomial regression analysis are displayed in bold characters and used in the multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis.