Table 3.
Pregnancy outcomes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus according to gestational weight gain category.
| Outcome | Prevalence (%) in Each GWG Category | Overall p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | iGWG | aGWG | eGWG | ||
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 5.3 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 10.1 | <0.001 |
| Preeclampsia | 2.9 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 0.031 |
| Insulin treatment | 46.8 | 45.4 | 46.5 | 51.4 | 0.068 |
| Cesarean delivery | 24.1 | 19.9 | 23.4 | 36.8 | <0.001 |
| Fetal scalp blood pH < 7.25 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 0.077 |
| Preterm birth | 9.8 | 13.3 | 6.9 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Apgar at 5 min < 7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.735 |
| Arterial pH < 7.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 0.035 |
| Obstetric trauma | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 0.697 |
| LGA newborn | 11.2 | 6.4 | 10.7 | 26.1 | <0.001 |
| Macrosomia (≥ 4000 g) | 5.7 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 14.9 | <0.001 |
| SGA newborn | 9.9 | 11.7 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 0.001 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.932 |
| Jaundice requiring treatment | 5.1 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 0.040 |
| Respiratory distress requiring treatment | 3.3 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Neonatal hypocalcemia | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.009 |
| Neonatal polycythemia | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.662 |
| Perinatal mortality | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.603 |
GWG (gestational weight gain), iGWG (insufficient gestational weight gain), aGWG (adequate gestational weight gain), eGWG (excessive gestational weight gain), LGA (large-for-gestational age), SGA (small-for-gestational age). A Chi-square test was used for statistical analyses.