Table 4.
Risk of different pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus according to gestational weight gain.
| Outcome | Unadjusted OR Unadjusted CI 95% |
Adjusted OR * Adjusted CI 95% |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iGWG | aGWG | eGWG | Overall p | iGWG | aGWG | eGWG | Overall p | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension |
0.604
0.397–0.920 |
1
1 |
1.949
1.282–2.963 |
<0.001 |
0.655 0.396–1.085 |
1 1 |
1.357 0.818–2.253 |
0.028 |
| Preeclampsia | 0.785 0.109–5.658 |
1 1 |
4.095 0.832–20.161 |
0.054 | 1.008 0.077–13.163 |
1 1 |
6.519 0.746–56.939 |
<0.050 |
| Insulin treatment | 0.955 0.805–1.134 |
1 1 |
1.219 0.976–1.523 |
0.068 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Cesarean delivery |
0.812
0.660–0.999 |
1
1 |
1.898
1.488–2.419 |
<0.001 |
0.715
0.556–0.920 |
1
1 |
1.641
1.225–2.197 |
<0.001 |
| Fetal scalp blood pH < 7.25 | 0.777 0.492–1.225 |
1 1 |
1.367 0.810–2.306 |
0.081 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Preterm birth |
2.029
1.546–2.832 |
1 1 |
0.689 0.424–1.121 |
<0.001 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Apgar at 5 min < 7 | 1.647 0.436–6.226 |
1 1 |
1.182 0.197–7.097 |
0.739 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Arterial pH < 7.1 | 1.138 0.672–1.927 |
1 1 |
2.000
1.113–3.595 |
0.038 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Obstetric trauma | 0.793 0.453–1.389 |
1 1 |
0.949 0.466–1.936 |
0.698 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| LGA newborn |
0.575
0.425–0.777 |
1
1 |
2.952
2.200–3.962 |
<0.001 |
0.569
0.400–0.810 |
1 1 |
2.003
1.397–2.871 |
<0.001 |
| Macrosomia (≥4000g) |
0.412
0.265–0.640 |
1
1 |
2.893
1.983–4.220 |
<0.001 |
0.461
0.282–0.752 |
1 1 |
1.822
1.152–2.881 |
<0.001 |
| SGA newborn | 1.289 0.947–1.706 |
1 1 |
0.608
0.392–0.943 |
0.001 |
1.228 0.893–1.689 |
1 1 |
0.515
0.310–0.855 |
0.002 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 0.951 0.547–1.656 |
1 1 |
1.076 0.534–2.168 |
0.932 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Jaundice requiring treatment |
1.579
1.052–2.369 |
1 1 |
1.024 0.583–1.800 |
0.041 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Respiratory distress requiring treatment |
2.558
1.472–4.447 |
1 1 |
1.086 0.489–2.413 |
0.001 |
-- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Neonatal hypocalcemia | 2.529 0.952–6.720 |
1 1 |
odd coefficient | 0.177 |
4.557
1.037–20.003 |
1 1 |
odd coefficient | 0.133 |
| Neonatal polycythemia | 0.904 0.433–1.886 |
1 1 |
1.310 0.548–3.132 |
0.665 | -- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
| Perinatal mortality | 1.213 0.364–4.039 |
1 1 |
0.437 0.049–3.917 |
0.624 | -- | 1 1 |
-- | ns |
OR (odds ratio), CI (confidence interval), iGWG (insufficient gestational weight gain), aGWG (adequate gestational weight gain), eGWG (excessive gestational weight gain), LGA (large-for-gestational age), SGA (small-for-gestational age). Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate ORs. * See methods for variables used for adjustment. ORs significantly different from the reference category are marked in bold, —is indicated when IOM is not included in the last step and OR not available.