Table 1.
Effects of alcohol on TMS measures.
| Study | AMT | RMT | MEP | CSP | iSP | SAI | LAI | SICI | ICF | SICF | LICI | SIHI | LIHI | N100 | N45 | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ziemann et al. [21] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ▲ | – | – | – | ▲ | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Ziemann et al. [22] | – | ○ | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Conte et al. [23] | – | ○ | ○ | ▲ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake in controls |
| – | ○ | – | ○ | – | – | – | ○ | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alcoholics vs. controls | |
| Hoppenbrouwers et al. [24] | – | – | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ▼* | – | – | – | Acute intake; * significant in females only |
| Loheswaran et al. [25] | – | – | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ▼* | – | Acute intake in alcoholics; * acquired in DLPFC |
| Kähkönen et al. [26] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ▼* | – | Acute intake; * acquired in M1 |
| Muralidharan et al. [27] | – | ○ | – | ▼ | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | High-vs. low-risk for alcohol dependence |
| Nardone et al. [28] | ○ | ○ | – | ○ | – | – | – | ○ | ▲ | – | – | – | – | – | – | AWS vs. alcoholics and controls |
| Muralidharan et al. [29] | – | ○ | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | High-vs. low-risk for alcohol dependence |
| Naim-Feil et al. [30] | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ | ○ | – | – | – | ○ | ○ | – | ▼* | – | – | – | – | Alcoholics vs. controls; * LICI acquired in DLPFC |
| Kaarre et al. [31] | – | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ▲ | Heavy alcohol use in adolescence vs. controls |
| Quoilin et al. [32] | – | – | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Alcoholics vs. controls |
▲ increase; ▼decrease; ○ indicates no change; − indicates did not assess; * refers to stipulations outlined in the right-hand column; AMT: active motor threshold; AWS: Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome; CSP: cortical silent period; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ICF: intracortical facilitation; iSP: ipsilateral silent period; LAI: long-latency afferent inhibition; LICI: long-interval intracortical inhibition; LIHI: long-latency interhemispheric inhibition; M1: primary motor cortex; MEP: motor-evoked potential; N100: TMS-evoked electroencephalography potential at 100 ms latency; N45: TMS-evoked electroencephalography potential at 45 ms latency; RMT: resting motor threshold; SAI: short-latency afferent inhibition; SICF: short-interval intracortical facilitation; SICI: short-interval intracortical inhibition; SIHI: short-latency interhemispheric inhibition.