Table 4.
Effects of caffeine on TMS measures.
| Study | AMT | RMT | MEP | CSP | iSP | SAI | LAI | SICI | ICF | SICF | LICI | SIHI | LIHI | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalmar et al. [159] | – | – | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Orth et al. [154] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | – | – | – | ○ | ○ | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Specterman et al. [163] | – | – | ▲ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Cerqueira et al. [156] | – | ○ | ○ | ▼ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| de Carvahlo et al. [157] | – | ○ | ○ | ▼ | – | – | – | ○ | ○ | – | ○ | – | – | Acute intake |
| Concerto et al. [158] | – | ○ | ○ | ○ | – | ○ | ○ | ○ | ▼ | – | – | – | – | Acute intake |
| Hanajima et al. [160] | – | – | ○ * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake; * between-subject comparison |
| Kalmar et al. [161] | – | – | ○ * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake; * trending increase after caffeine intake, but not significant |
| Bowtell et al. [162] | – | – | ▲ * | ○ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Acute intake; * caffeine only potentiated MEPs obtained during maximal contraction |
| Mesquita et al. [155] | ○ | – | ○ | ▼ | – | – | – | ○ * | ○ | – | – | – | – | Acute intake; * SICI reduced in caffeine and placebo condition |
▲ increase; ▼decrease; ○ indicates no change; – indicates did not assess; * refers to stipulations outlined in the right-hand column.