Table 2.
Quality of bias assessment of the included studies according to Cochrane guidelines.
| Author, Year | Sequence Generation | Allocation Concealment | Blinding to Participants, Personnel and Outcome Assessment | Incomplete Outcome Data | Selective Outcome Reporting | Other Potential Threats to Validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmadi, 2013 [20] | L | L | H | L | L | U |
| Ansar, 2011 [21] | L | L | L | L | U | L |
| Aslfalah, 2019a [22] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Aslfalah, 2019b [23] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Baumgartner, 2017 [24] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Baziar, 2020 [25] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Bobe, 2020 [26] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Boriani, 2017 [27] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Carbone, 2009 [28] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Cavalcanti, 2009 [29] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Durastanti, 2016 [30] | L | L | L | U | U | U |
| El Amrousy, 2020 [31] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Falardeau, 2019 [32] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Femiano, 2002 [33] | U | L | L | L | U | U |
| Georgakouli, 2018 [34] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Gianturco, 2009 [35] | L | L | L | L | U | L |
| Gilron, 2020 [36] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Gosselin, 2019 [37] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Guo, 2014 [38] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Haghighian, 2015 [39] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Hejazi, 2018 [40] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Huang, 2008 [41] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Huerta, 2016 [42] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Huerta, 2015 [43] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Jacob, 1999 [44] | L | L | L | L | U | H |
| Jamshidi, 2020 [45] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Jariwalla, 2008 [46] | L | L | L | L | U | H |
| Khabbazi, 2012 [47] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Khalili, 2017 [48] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Khalili, 2014 [49] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kim, 2020 [50] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kim, 2016 [51] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Koh, 2011 [52] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Lampitella, 2005 [53] | L | U | U | L | L | U |
| Lee, 2017 [54] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Loy, 2018 [55] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| López- D’Alessandro, 2011 [56] | L | L | L | H | H | U |
| López-Jornet, 2009 [57] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Magis, 2007 [58] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Manning, 2013 [59] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Marfella, 2016 [60] | L | L | U | L | L | U |
| Marshall, 1982 [61] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Martins, 2009 [62] | L | L | U | L | L | U |
| Mendes, 2014 [63] | L | L | L | L | H | U |
| Mendoza- Núñez, 2019 [64] |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mirtaheri, 2014 [65] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mohammadi, 2018 [66] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mohammadi, 2015 [67] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mollo, 2012 [68] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Monroy Guízar, 2018 [69] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Palacios- Sánchez, 2015 [70] |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Porasuphatana, 2012 [71] | L | L | L | L | L | H |
| Pourghasem Gargari, 2014 [72] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Rahmanabadi, 2019 [4] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Ruhnau, 1999 [73] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Safa, 2014 [74] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sammour, 2019 [75] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sardu, 2017 [76] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Scaramuzza, 2015 [77] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sola, 2005 [78] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Spain, 2017 [79] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sun, 2012 [80] | L | U | U | L | L | U |
| Tromba, 2019 [81] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Udupa, 2013 [82] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Vincent, 2007 [83] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Yadav, 2005 [84] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Yan, 2013 [85] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Zembron- Lacny, 2013 [86] |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Zembron- Lacny, 2009 [87] |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Ziegler, 2011 [88] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Ziegler, 2006 [89] | L | L | L | L | L | L |
H = High risk of bias; L = Low risk of bias; U = Unclear risk of bias.