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Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE)
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Disassembling beliefs. Danger signals: modulation and modification. Concept of pain, fatigue, and pain system. Concept of central nervous system and central sensitization. The role of the brain. Acute vs. Chronic Pain: The purpose of acute pain and how it originates in the nervous central system (CNS). Pain vs. damage. Pain neuromatrix theory and representation of the virtual body. Nociception, nociceptors, action potential, peripheral sensitization, and synapses. Ascending and descending inhibitory pathways, spinal cord. Relationship with attention, perception, pain cognitions, and pain behaviors. Allodynia and hyperalgesia, hypersensitivity of nervous central system. Pain memory, pain perception, and autoimmune evaluation error. Relationship with stress. Etiology. Neuroplasticity and how the pain becomes chronic. Relationship with emotions. Re-education, gradual activity, and exercise therapy.
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Exercise Therapy (TE)/Nature Activities (NA) Used to Work the Cognitive Targets
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TE: Hiking * TE: Yoga ** NA: Photography TE: Nordic Walking ** NA: Shinrin Yoku ***
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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General Issues:
Relaxation and breathing. Modulating factors of pain. Catastrophizing and fear of movement. Painful experiences: confrontation. Vital values and setting goals. Organization of time. Sleep patterns. Sexual issues. Handling of attention. Cognitive restructuring. Emotional regulation and assertiveness. Troubleshooting.
Cognitive Targets:
Positive affect
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13.
Understand the concept of positive emotions.
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14.
Recognize the relationship between positive emotions, pain, and fatigue.
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15.
Recognize the importance of actively searching for sources of positive emotions.
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16.
Identify sources of positive emotions in the context of the sessions.
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17.
Learn to pay attention to stimuli/conditions that generate positive emotions.
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18.
Transfer: How to work positive affect in day life.
Self-efficacy
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19.
Understand the concept of self-efficacy.
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20.
Recognize the relationship between self-efficacy, pain, and fatigue.
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21.
Recognize the importance of adapting self-efficacy to real capacity.
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22.
Become aware of the process of self-efficacy elaboration.
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23.
Recognize the dynamics of self-efficacy.
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24.
Identify the sources of self-efficacy.
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25.
Identify the biases in the creation of self-efficacy.
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26.
Learn how to stop and replace the biases in the creation of self-efficacy.
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27.
Relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem.
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28.
Transfer: How to work self-efficacy in day life.
Negative affect
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29.
Understand the concept of negative emotions.
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30.
Recognize the relationship between negative emotions, pain, and fatigue.
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31.
Recognize the adaptive function of negative emotions
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32.
Assess the importance of emotional regulation to reduce negative emotions
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33.
Learn to pay attention to the stimuli/conditions that generate negative emotions
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34.
Transfer: How to reduce negative affect to everyday life.
Catastrophic thinking
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35.
Understand the concept of catastrophism.
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36.
Recognize the relationship between catastrophism, pain, and fatigue.
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37.
Learn to recognize the catastrophic thoughts.
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38.
Learn to pay attention to the catastrophic thoughts
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39.
Learn to stop and replace the catastrophic thoughts.
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40.
Transfer: How to work catastrophism on an everyday basis.
Emotional regulation
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41.
Understand the concept of emotional regulation.
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42.
Recognize the relationship between emotional regulation, pain, and fatigue.
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43.
Identify the 9 types of cognitive regulation of emotions.
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44.
Identify the relationship between emotional regulation, pain, and fatigue.
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45.
Learn to pay attention to emotional regulation.
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46.
Learn to identify the type of emotional regulation usually employed in day life.
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47.
Learn to stop and subtract inappropriate emotional regulation for a proper one.
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48.
Transfer: How to work emotional regulation in everyday life.
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Mindfulness Training (MT)
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An Introduction to Body Scanning. Elementary Awareness. Sitting Practice and introduction to Yoga. Mindfulness and the Brain. Mindfulness and communication: guilt, empathy, and conflict management. Responding vs. reacting. Dig deeper into personal practice. Mindfulness and Compassion: Strength vs. Cooperation. Stress Management. Thoughts Management. Management of difficult emotions or feelings. Dig deeper into personal practice.
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